Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and excessive application rates can decrease crop yield and increase N loss into the environment. Field experiments were carried out to understand the effects of N fertilizers on N utilization, crop yield and net income in wheat and maize rotation system of the North China Plain (NCP). Compared to farmers’ N rate (FN), the yield of wheat and maize in reduction N rate by 21-24% based on FN (RN) was improved by 451 kg ha-1, N uptakes improved by 17 kg ha-1 and net income increased by 1671 CNY ha-1, while apparent N loss was reduced by 156 kg ha-1. The controlled-release fertilizer with a 20% reduction of RN (CRF80%), a 20% reduction of RN together with dicyandiamide (RN80%+DCD) and a 20% reduction of RN added with nano-carbon (RN80%+NC) all resulted in an improvement in crop yield and decreased the apparent N losses compared to RN. Contrasted with RN80%+NC, the total crop yield in RN80%+DCD improved by 1185 kg ha-1, N uptake enhanced by 9 kg ha-1 and net income increased by 3929 CNY ha-1, while apparent N loss was similar. Therefore, a 37-39% overall decrease in N rate compared to farmers plus the nitrification inhibitor, DCD, was effective N control measure that increased crop yields, enhanced N efficiencies, and improved economic benefits, while mitigating apparent N loss. There is considerable scope for improved N use effieincy in the intensive wheat -maize rotation of the NCP.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen rate increased wheat and maize yield by 451 kg ha-1 relative to farmers’ rate.
- Taxon
- wheat and maize
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- reduction N rate by 21-24% based on FN (RN)e0
- Outcome
- yield of wheat and maizee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 451 kg ha-1e0
- Comparator
- farmers’ N rate (FN)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to farmers’ N rate (FN), the yield of wheat and maize in reduction N rate by 21-24% based on FN (RN) was improved by 451 kg ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen rate increased nitrogen uptake by 17 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- reduction N rate by 21-24% based on FN (RN)e1
- Outcome
- N uptakese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 17 kg ha-1e0
- Comparator
- farmers’ N rate (FN)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N uptakes improved by 17 kg ha-1”
e1“Compared to farmers’ N rate (FN), the yield of wheat and maize in reduction N rate by 21-24% based on FN (RN) was improved by 451 kg ha-1”
t0“Wheat and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen rate increased net income by 1671 CNY ha-1.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- reduction N rate by 21-24% based on FN (RN)e1
- Outcome
- net incomee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1671 CNY ha-1e0
- Comparator
- farmers’ N rate (FN)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net income increased by 1671 CNY ha-1”
e1“Compared to farmers’ N rate (FN), the yield of wheat and maize in reduction N rate by 21-24% based on FN (RN) was improved by 451 kg ha-1”
t0“Wheat and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen rate reduced apparent nitrogen loss by 156 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- reduction N rate by 21-24% based on FN (RN)e1
- Outcome
- apparent N losse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 156 kg ha-1e0
- Comparator
- farmers’ N rate (FN)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apparent N loss was reduced by 156 kg ha-1”
e1“Compared to farmers’ N rate (FN), the yield of wheat and maize in reduction N rate by 21-24% based on FN (RN) was improved by 451 kg ha-1”
t0“Wheat and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
CRF80% improved crop yield and decreased apparent nitrogen losses relative to RN.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- controlled-release fertilizer with a 20% reduction of RN (CRF80%)e0
- Outcome
- crop yield and decreased the apparent N lossese0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- RNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The controlled-release fertilizer with a 20% reduction of RN (CRF80%), a 20% reduction of RN together with dicyandiamide (RN80%+DCD) and a 20% reduction of RN added with nano-carbon (RN80%+NC) all resulted in an improvement in crop yield and decreased the apparent N losses compared to RN”
t0“Wheat and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
RN80% plus DCD improved crop yield and decreased nitrogen losses relative to RN.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- a 20% reduction of RN together with dicyandiamide (RN80%+DCD)e0
- Outcome
- crop yield and decreased the apparent N lossese0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- RNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 20% reduction of RN together with dicyandiamide (RN80%+DCD) and a 20% reduction of RN added with nano-carbon (RN80%+NC) all resulted in an improvement in crop yield and decreased the apparent N losses compared to RN”
t0“Wheat and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
RN80% plus nano carbon improved crop yield and decreased nitrogen losses relative to RN.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- a 20% reduction of RN added with nano-carbon (RN80%+NC)e0
- Outcome
- crop yield and decreased the apparent N lossese0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- RNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 20% reduction of RN added with nano-carbon (RN80%+NC) all resulted in an improvement in crop yield and decreased the apparent N losses compared to RN”
t0“Wheat and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
RN80% plus DCD increased total crop yield by 1185 kg ha-1 relative to nano carbon.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- RN80%+DCDe0
- Outcome
- total crop yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 1185 kg ha-1e0
- Comparator
- RN80%+NCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contrasted with RN80%+NC, the total crop yield in RN80%+DCD improved by 1185 kg ha-1”
t0“Wheat and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
RN80% plus DCD enhanced nitrogen uptake by 9 kg ha-1 relative to nano carbon.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- RN80%+DCDe1
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 9 kg ha-1e0
- Comparator
- RN80%+NCe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N uptake enhanced by 9 kg ha-1”
e1“Contrasted with RN80%+NC, the total crop yield in RN80%+DCD improved by 1185 kg ha-1”
t0“Wheat and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
RN80% plus DCD increased net income by 3929 CNY ha-1 relative to nano carbon.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- RN80%+DCDe1
- Outcome
- net incomee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3929 CNY ha-1e0
- Comparator
- RN80%+NCe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net income increased by 3929 CNY ha-1”
e1“Contrasted with RN80%+NC, the total crop yield in RN80%+DCD improved by 1185 kg ha-1”
t0“Wheat and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent nitrogen loss was similar for DCD and nano carbon.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- RN80%+DCDe1
- Outcome
- apparent N losse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- RN80%+NCe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apparent N loss was similar”
e1“Contrasted with RN80%+NC, the total crop yield in RN80%+DCD improved by 1185 kg ha-1”
t0“Wheat and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend an overall 37 to 39 percent nitrogen rate reduction plus DCD to improve crop yield, nitrogen efficiency and income while reducing nitrogen loss.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- 37-39% overall decrease in N rate compared to farmers plus the nitrification inhibitor, DCDe0
- Outcome
- effective N control measuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 37-39% overall decrease in N rate compared to farmers plus the nitrification inhibitor, DCD, was effective N control measure that increased crop yields, enhanced N efficiencies, and improved economic benefits, while mitigating apparent N loss”
t0“Wheat and Maize”
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