Abstract
Better management of N fertilizer is essential for improving crop productivity. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) relay intercropping rotation systems are a mainstay of the measures to improve the economic and food security situation in China. Therefore, a two-year field study (2015–2017) was conducted to evaluate the effect of different N fertilizer management regimes on the photosynthetic characteristics and uptake and translocation of N in peanut in the wheat–peanut rotation system. We used common compound fertilizer (CCF) and controlled-release compound fertilizer (CRF) at the same N–P2O5–K2O proportion. The fertilizer was applied on the day before sowing, at the jointing stage or the flag leaf stage of winter wheat, and at the initial flowering stage of peanut in various proportions, with 0 kg N ha-1 as control. Results showed that split applications of N significantly increased leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll content, and improved photosynthetic rate, thus increasing the pod yield of peanut. Topdressing N at the jointing stage (S1) or at the flag leaf stage of wheat (S2) and supplying part of the N at the initial flowering stage of peanut increased pod yield. Withholding N until the flag leaf stage (S2) did not negatively affect wheat grain yield; however, it increased N accumulation in each organ and N allocation proportions in the peanut pod, ultimately improving pod yields. With the same N–P2O5–K2O proportion and equivalent amounts of nutrient, CRF can maintain a relatively high LAI and chlorophyll content at the late growth stage of peanut, prolong the functional period of peanut leaves and delay leaf senescence, resulting in an increase of pod yield over that with CCF. At S1, CRF resulted in a better pod yield than CCF by 9.4%, and at S2 it was 12.6% higher. In summary, applying N fertilizer in three splits and delaying the topdressing fertilization until the flag leaf stage of winter wheat increases total grain yields of wheat and peanut. It could therefore be an appropriate N management strategy for wheat–peanut relay intercropping rotation systems in China.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Split nitrogen application significantly increased peanut leaf area index and chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- split applications of Ne0
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 0 kg N ha-1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“split applications of N significantly increased leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll content”
t0“Nitrogen in Peanut in a Wheat–Peanut Rotation System”
e1“with 0 kg N ha-1 as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Split nitrogen application improved peanut photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- split applications of Ne1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- 0 kg N ha-1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved photosynthetic rate”
t0“Nitrogen in Peanut in a Wheat–Peanut Rotation System”
e1“split applications of N significantly increased leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll content”
e2“with 0 kg N ha-1 as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Split nitrogen application increased peanut pod yield.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- split applications of Ne1
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- 0 kg N ha-1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thus increasing the pod yield of peanut”
e1“split applications of N significantly increased leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll content”
e2“with 0 kg N ha-1 as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Jointing-stage topdressing and flowering-stage nitrogen increased peanut pod yield.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- Topdressing N at the jointing stage (S1)e0
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Topdressing N at the jointing stage (S1) or at the flag leaf stage of wheat (S2) and supplying part of the N at the initial flowering stage of peanut increased pod yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag leaf topdressing and flowering-stage nitrogen increased peanut pod yield.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- at the flag leaf stage of wheat (S2) and supplying part of the N at the initial flowering stage of peanute0
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Topdressing N at the jointing stage (S1) or at the flag leaf stage of wheat (S2) and supplying part of the N at the initial flowering stage of peanut increased pod yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Withholding nitrogen until wheat flag leaf stage did not reduce wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Withholding N until the flag leaf stage (S2)e0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not negatively affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Withholding N until the flag leaf stage (S2) did not negatively affect wheat grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Withholding nitrogen until flag leaf stage increased peanut nitrogen accumulation in each organ.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- Withholding N until the flag leaf stage (S2)e1
- Outcome
- N accumulation in each organe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased N accumulation in each organ and N allocation proportions in the peanut pod”
e1“Withholding N until the flag leaf stage (S2) did not negatively affect wheat grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Withholding nitrogen until flag leaf stage increased nitrogen allocation to peanut pods.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- Withholding N until the flag leaf stage (S2)e1
- Outcome
- N allocation proportions in the peanut pode0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased N accumulation in each organ and N allocation proportions in the peanut pod”
e1“Withholding N until the flag leaf stage (S2) did not negatively affect wheat grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled-release fertilizer maintained relatively high late-stage peanut LAI and chlorophyll content compared with conventional fertilizer.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Organ / stage
- late growth stagee0
- Treatment
- CRFe0
- Outcome
- LAI and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- relatively highe0
- Comparator
- CCFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRF can maintain a relatively high LAI and chlorophyll content at the late growth stage of peanut”
e1“At S1, CRF resulted in a better pod yield than CCF by 9.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled-release fertilizer prolonged peanut leaf function and delayed senescence.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- CRFe1
- Outcome
- functional period of peanut leavese0
- Direction
- prolonge0
- Comparator
- CCFe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“prolong the functional period of peanut leaves and delay leaf senescence”
e1“CRF can maintain a relatively high LAI and chlorophyll content at the late growth stage of peanut”
e2“At S1, CRF resulted in a better pod yield than CCF by 9.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
At S1, controlled-release fertilizer raised pod yield 9.4% relative to common fertilizer.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- CRFe0
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 9.4%e0
- Qualifier
- At S1e0
- Comparator
- CCFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At S1, CRF resulted in a better pod yield than CCF by 9.4%”
t0“Nitrogen in Peanut in a Wheat–Peanut Rotation System”
Claim · model-written summary
At S2, controlled-release fertilizer raised pod yield 12.6% relative to common fertilizer.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- CRFe1
- Outcome
- pod yielde3
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 12.6%e0
- Qualifier
- at S2e0
- Comparator
- CCFe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at S2 it was 12.6% higher”
t0“Nitrogen in Peanut in a Wheat–Peanut Rotation System”
e1“CRF can maintain a relatively high LAI and chlorophyll content at the late growth stage of peanut”
e2“At S1, CRF resulted in a better pod yield than CCF by 9.4%”
e3“thus increasing the pod yield of peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Three nitrogen splits with flag-leaf topdressing increased total wheat and peanut grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat and peanutArachis hypogaeaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- applying N fertilizer in three splits and delaying the topdressing fertilization until the flag leaf stage of winter wheate0
- Outcome
- total grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applying N fertilizer in three splits and delaying the topdressing fertilization until the flag leaf stage of winter wheat increases total grain yields of wheat and peanut”
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