Abstract
Introduction: Using cover crops in conservation tillage systems offers many advantages, one of which is weed control through physical and chemical interferences. Most of the benefits of cover crops are well known. They prevent form wind and water erosions, conserve soil moisture by reducing evaporation and increasing infiltration, increase the content of organic matter, increase fertility by recycling nutrients, add nitrogen if they are legumes, and improve soil structure. Proper cover crops can also suppress weed growth by allelopathic activities and light interference. They impact on environmental quality through the protection of surface water and groundwater, as well as eliminating the need for using preemergence herbicides. Either increase or decreases have been reported for crop yields when the crop residues remain on soil surface. No-till system has been reported to increase the presence of certain difficult to control weeds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tillage systems and cover crops on weed control and corn yield. Materials and Methods: Experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Bu-Ali Sina University in growing season of 2011. Tillage with moldboard, tillage with chisel (minimum tillage), and no tillage were considered as main plots and two cover crops, winter vetch and chicklingpea, chemical weed control and weed-infest treatment (control) were considered as sub-plots. Cover crops were cultivated in late March 2011. In early June 2011, cover crops were harvested and were spread over the soil surface. The Plot size was 22.50 m-2. Five rows were in each plot with 75 cm intervals among rows and 18 cm among seedlings. 2 square were picked in the three central rows of each plot in order to determine the yield and yield components. From each plot three quadrants (1×1 m)randomly were picked and weeds and cover crops was separated. All samples were dried at 72 ° C for 48 hours and then were weighed. Data were analyzed using SAS software. Wherever the F test showed significant effect for a source of variance, the differences among treatments were compared by LSD test at the 0.05 level of significance. Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance showed that the effects of tillage systems and weed control methods were significant on all traits, except number of seed per ear. Also, the interaction effect of them had significant effect on number of grain row/ear and grain yield. The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage. This treatment had no significant difference with combined treatments of cover crops and tillage with chisel. In comparison with winter vetch cover crop and conventional tillage treatment, the lowest grain yield by 45% reduction was recorded at weed infested and no tillage treatment. Also, the effects of tillage systems and weed control methods and their interaction were significant on weed density and biomass. Maximum weed density and biomass (60 plant m-2 and 335 g m-2) were belonged to weed-infested treatment under no tillage system. The lowest values for weed density and biomass with reduction of 62 and 53%, respectively, were observed at combined treatment of chicklingpea cover crop and minimum tillage. Chicklingpea and winter vetch cover crops due to rapid establishment and growth capacity are more suitable for weed control. Cover crops can affect weed establishment through effects on the radiation and chemical environment of weed and inhibit weed emergence by physically impeding the progress of seedlings from accessing light as well as by releasing phytotoxins that inhibit seedling growth. Minimum tillage is often cause changes in of weed flora and their population, and this is one of the methods for integrated weed management. In general, using winter vetch and chicklingpea as a cover crop and tillage with chisel suppressed about 50-60% weeds and increase corn yield which is effective step towards achieving sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage and weed control methods significantly affected all traits except seeds per ear.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- tillage systems and weed control methodse0
- Outcome
- all traits, except number of seed per eare0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of tillage systems and weed control methods were significant on all traits, except number of seed per ear”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
The tillage by weed control interaction significantly affected grain rows per ear and grain yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- number of grain row/ear and grain yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction effect of them had significant effect on number of grain row/ear and grain yield”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter vetch with moldboard tillage yielded 1271 g m-2, the highest yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillagee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1271 g m-2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield under winter vetch and moldboard tillage did not significantly differ from cover crops with chisel tillage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- cover crops and tillage with chisele0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment had no significant difference with combined treatments of cover crops and tillage with chisel”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed infestation with no tillage reduced grain yield by 45% relative to winter vetch with conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- weed infested and no tillage treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 45%e0
- Comparator
- winter vetch cover crop and conventional tillage treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with winter vetch cover crop and conventional tillage treatment, the lowest grain yield by 45% reduction was recorded at weed infested and no tillage treatment”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage, weed control, and their interaction significantly affected weed density and biomass.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- weed density and biomasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of tillage systems and weed control methods and their interaction were significant on weed density and biomass”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed density was maximal at 60 plant m-2 with infestation and no tillage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- weed-infested treatment under no tillage systeme0
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 60 plant m-2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum weed density and biomass (60 plant m-2 and 335 g m-2) were belonged to weed-infested treatment under no tillage system”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed biomass was maximal at 335 g m-2 with infestation and no tillage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- weed-infested treatment under no tillage systeme0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 335 g m-2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum weed density and biomass (60 plant m-2 and 335 g m-2) were belonged to weed-infested treatment under no tillage system”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicklingpea cover crop with minimum tillage reduced weed density by 62%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- chicklingpea cover crop and minimum tillagee0
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 62e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest values for weed density and biomass with reduction of 62 and 53%, respectively, were observed at combined treatment of chicklingpea cover crop and minimum tillage”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicklingpea cover crop with minimum tillage reduced weed biomass by 53%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- chicklingpea cover crop and minimum tillagee0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 53%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest values for weed density and biomass with reduction of 62 and 53%, respectively, were observed at combined treatment of chicklingpea cover crop and minimum tillage”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter vetch and chicklingpea cover crops were judged more suitable for weed control because they establish and grow rapidly.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- more suitable for weed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chicklingpea and winter vetch cover crops due to rapid establishment and growth capacity are more suitable for weed control”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter vetch and chicklingpea cover crops with chisel tillage suppressed about 50-60% of weeds.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- winter vetch and chicklingpea as a cover crop and tillage with chisele0
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 50-60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using winter vetch and chicklingpea as a cover crop and tillage with chisel suppressed about 50-60% weeds and increase corn yield”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter vetch and chicklingpea cover crops with chisel tillage increased corn yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- winter vetch and chicklingpea as a cover crop and tillage with chisele0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using winter vetch and chicklingpea as a cover crop and tillage with chisel suppressed about 50-60% weeds and increase corn yield”
e1“The highest grain yield (1271 g m-2) was observed at combined treatment of winter vetch cover crop and moldboard tillage”
t0“Corn Fields”
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