Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of foliar fertilization with a nitrogen (N) fertilizer containing nanoparticles (nN) with those of foliar fertilization with urea on the characteristics of pomegranate fruits cv. Ardestani. The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized block design with five treatments and four replications (trees) per treatment during two consecutive years, 2014 and 2015. Two foliar applications of nN (0.25 and 0.50 g N/L, equivalent to ≈1.3 and 2.7 g N/tree or 0.9 and 1.8 kg N/ha; nN1 and nN2, respectively) and urea (4.6 and 9.2 g N/L, equivalent to ≈24.4 and 48.8 g N/tree or 16.3 and 32.5 kg N/ha; U1 and U2, respectively) were applied at full bloom and 1 month later, and trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control. Results show that foliar N fertilization increased fruit yield (by 17% to 44%) and number of fruits per tree (by 15% to 38%). The highest fruit yields (17.8 and 21.9 kg/tree) and number of fruits per tree (62.8 and 70.1/tree) were obtained with the treatment nN2 (1.8 kg N/ha), whereas the lowest fruit yields (12.4 and 16.2 kg/tree) and number of fruits per tree (45.5 and 55.3/tree) were recorded in the control trees. The treatments U1 and nN2 increased fruit length (the latter only in the second season), whereas the treatment U1 increased average fruit weight (10% to 11%). The treatment nN2 increased aril juice and total soluble solids (TSS) in both seasons and titratable acidity (TA) only in the first one, whereas the treatment U1 increased TSS in both seasons and aril juice and TA in the second season. Treatments nN2 and U1 also increased total sugars and decreased total anthocyanins. On the other hand, fruit diameter, fruit cracking, peel thickness, aril content, weight of 100 arils, juice pH, maturity index, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compounds were unaffected by N fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization increased the leaf concentration of N, whereas the leaf concentrations of P, K, Mn, and Zn were unaffected. Results indicate that pomegranate fruit yield was improved similarly with two applications (at full bloom and one month later) of nN fertilizer at a rate of 1.8 kg N/ha and with two applications of urea at a rate of 16.3 kg N/ha. Furthermore, fruit quality was improved more with the nN fertilizer at a rate of 1.8 kg N/ha than with two applications of urea at a rate of 16.3 kg N/ha.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen increased fruit yield by 17% to 44%.
- Taxon
- Pomegranate
Punica granatumt0 - Treatment
- foliar N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17% to 44%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar N fertilization increased fruit yield (by 17% to 44%)”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen increased fruit number by 15% to 38%.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- foliar N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- number of fruits per treee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15% to 38%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that foliar N fertilization increased fruit yield (by 17% to 44%) and number of fruits per tree (by 15% to 38%)”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
nN2 gave the highest fruit yields.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- nN2 (1.8 kg N/ha)e0
- Outcome
- fruit yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 17.8 and 21.9 kg/treee0
- Comparator
- control treese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest fruit yields (17.8 and 21.9 kg/tree) and number of fruits per tree (62.8 and 70.1/tree) were obtained with the treatment nN2 (1.8 kg N/ha)”
e1“the lowest fruit yields (12.4 and 16.2 kg/tree) and number of fruits per tree (45.5 and 55.3/tree) were recorded in the control trees”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
nN2 gave the highest fruit counts per tree.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- nN2 (1.8 kg N/ha)e0
- Outcome
- number of fruits per treee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 62.8 and 70.1/treee0
- Comparator
- control treese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest fruit yields (17.8 and 21.9 kg/tree) and number of fruits per tree (62.8 and 70.1/tree) were obtained with the treatment nN2 (1.8 kg N/ha)”
e1“the lowest fruit yields (12.4 and 16.2 kg/tree) and number of fruits per tree (45.5 and 55.3/tree) were recorded in the control trees”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
U1 increased fruit length.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- U1e0
- Outcome
- fruit lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatments U1 and nN2 increased fruit length”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
nN2 increased fruit length only in the second season.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- nN2e0
- Outcome
- fruit lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- only in the second seasone0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatments U1 and nN2 increased fruit length (the latter only in the second season)”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
U1 increased average fruit weight by 10% to 11%.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- U1e0
- Outcome
- average fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10% to 11%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment U1 increased average fruit weight (10% to 11%)”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
nN2 increased aril juice and total soluble solids in both seasons.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- nN2e0
- Outcome
- aril juice and total soluble solids (TSS)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment nN2 increased aril juice and total soluble solids (TSS) in both seasons”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
nN2 increased titratable acidity in the first season.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- nN2e0
- Outcome
- titratable acidity (TA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- only in the first onee0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment nN2 increased aril juice and total soluble solids (TSS) in both seasons and titratable acidity (TA) only in the first one”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
U1 increased total soluble solids in both seasons.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment U1 increased TSS in both seasons”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
U1 increased aril juice and titratable acidity in the second season.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- U1e0
- Outcome
- aril juice and TAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment U1 increased TSS in both seasons and aril juice and TA in the second season”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
nN2 and U1 increased total sugars.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- Treatments nN2 and U1e0
- Outcome
- total sugarse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments nN2 and U1 also increased total sugars”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
nN2 and U1 decreased total anthocyanins.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- Treatments nN2 and U1e0
- Outcome
- total anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments nN2 and U1 also increased total sugars and decreased total anthocyanins”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine fruit traits were unaffected by nitrogen fertilization.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- fruit diameter, fruit cracking, peel thickness, aril content, weight of 100 arils, juice pH, maturity index, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit diameter, fruit cracking, peel thickness, aril content, weight of 100 arils, juice pH, maturity index, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compounds were unaffected by N fertilization”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased leaf nitrogen concentration.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- leaf concentration of Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen fertilization increased the leaf concentration of N”
e1“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf P, K, Mn, and Zn concentrations were unaffected.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- leaf concentrations of P, K, Mn, and Zne0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the leaf concentrations of P, K, Mn, and Zn were unaffected”
e1“Nitrogen fertilization increased the leaf concentration of N”
e2“trees not treated with any N fertilizer were used as a control”
t0“Pomegranate”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-nitrogen and urea improved fruit yield similarly at specified rates.
- Taxon
- pomegranatePunica granatume0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- improved similarlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pomegranate fruit yield was improved similarly with two applications (at full bloom and one month later) of nN fertilizer at a rate of 1.8 kg N/ha and with two applications of urea at a rate of 16.3 kg N/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit quality improved more with nano-nitrogen than urea.
- Taxon
- PomegranatePunica granatumt0
- Treatment
- nN fertilizer at a rate of 1.8 kg N/hae0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- improved moree0
- Comparator
- urea at a rate of 16.3 kg N/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit quality was improved more with the nN fertilizer at a rate of 1.8 kg N/ha than with two applications of urea at a rate of 16.3 kg N/ha”
t0“Pomegranate”
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