Abstract
Fungi of the genus Alternaria are responsible for substantial pre-harvest losses in Citrus, although susceptibility to A. alternate depends on the Citrus species. In this work the metabolism of flavonoids and mycotoxins were analyzed in ‘Fortune’ fruits infected by A. alternate. HPLC-MS analysis revealed the presence of two A. alternate mycotoxins involved in the evolution of brown spot in fruits. These were identified as 3,7,9-trihydroxy-1-methyl-6H-dibenzo [b,d] pyran-6-one, known as alternariol (AOH), and 3,7-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-1-methyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d] pyran-6-one, known as alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). The flavanones hesperidin and isonaringin, and the polymethoxyflavone sinensetin increase the biosynthesis of these micotoxins. Inoculation of fruits with the above-mentioned toxins showed that both molecules caused necrosis in the inoculated citrus tissues, suggesting that the mycotoxins may be involved in the evolution of brown spot caused by A. alternate. The increased expression of the above mycotoxins was associated with: (i) the end of mycelial growth, high sporulation and an increase in hyphal melanisation; (ii) catabolism of the flavonoids present in these fruits.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria mycotoxin alternariol was identified in infected Fortune fruit.
Verbatim
e0“These were identified as 3,7,9-trihydroxy-1-methyl-6H-dibenzo [b,d] pyran-6-one, known as alternariol (AOH)”
e1“‘Fortune’ fruits infected by A. alternate”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternariol monomethyl ether was identified in infected Fortune fruit.
Verbatim
e0“3,7-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-1-methyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d] pyran-6-one, known as alternariol monomethyl ether (AME)”
e1“‘Fortune’ fruits infected by A. alternate”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperidin increased biosynthesis of the two Alternaria mycotoxins.
Verbatim
e0“The flavanones hesperidin and isonaringin, and the polymethoxyflavone sinensetin increase the biosynthesis of these micotoxins”
e1“‘Fortune’ fruits infected by A. alternate”
Claim · model-written summary
Isonaringin increased biosynthesis of the two Alternaria mycotoxins.
Verbatim
e0“The flavanones hesperidin and isonaringin, and the polymethoxyflavone sinensetin increase the biosynthesis of these micotoxins”
e1“‘Fortune’ fruits infected by A. alternate”
Claim · model-written summary
Sinensetin increased biosynthesis of the two Alternaria mycotoxins.
Verbatim
e0“The flavanones hesperidin and isonaringin, and the polymethoxyflavone sinensetin increase the biosynthesis of these micotoxins”
e1“‘Fortune’ fruits infected by A. alternate”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated alternariol caused necrosis in citrus tissues.
- Treatment
- Inoculation of fruits with the above-mentioned toxinse0
- Compound
- alternariol (AOH)e1
- Outcome
- necrosis in the inoculated citrus tissuese0
CitrusNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation of fruits with the above-mentioned toxins showed that both molecules caused necrosis in the inoculated citrus tissues”
e1“known as alternariol (AOH)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated alternariol monomethyl ether caused necrosis in citrus tissues.
- Treatment
- Inoculation of fruits with the above-mentioned toxinse0
- Compound
- alternariol monomethyl ether (AME)e1
- Outcome
- necrosis in the inoculated citrus tissuese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation of fruits with the above-mentioned toxins showed that both molecules caused necrosis in the inoculated citrus tissues”
e1“known as alternariol monomethyl ether (AME)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycotoxin expression rose with the end of mycelial growth, high sporulation and greater hyphal melanisation.
- Outcome
- increased expression of the above mycotoxinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- the end of mycelial growth, high sporulation and an increase in hyphal melanisatione0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased expression of the above mycotoxins was associated with: (i) the end of mycelial growth, high sporulation and an increase in hyphal melanisation”
e1“Citrus species”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycotoxin expression rose with catabolism of flavonoids in infected fruit.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased expression of the above mycotoxins was associated with: (i) the end of mycelial growth, high sporulation and an increase in hyphal melanisation; (ii) catabolism of the flavonoids present in these fruits”
e1“Citrus species”
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pathogen product · disease · CitrusPositive and negative results
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inoculation · disease · CitrusPositive and negative results
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- positive
- positive
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See all 23 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.