Abstract
Acclimation of conifer needle anatomy to climate change is poorly understood. We studied needle anatomy, shoot gas exchange, current-year shoot length, and stem diameter growth in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings exposed to elevated ozone (1.35× to 1.5× ambient concentration) and elevated temperature (0.9–1.3 °C + ambient temperature) alone and in combination for two exposure seasons in two separate open-field experiments in central Finland. Pines grew also at two soil nitrogen levels. In spruce, warming increased mesophyll intercellular space and reduced gas exchange and shoot growth and made needles narrower and the epidermis and hypodermis thinner. In pine, warming made needles bigger, increased shoot and stem growth, stomatal row number, and proportions of vascular cylinder, phloem, and xylem and reduced the proportion of mesophyll. These responses indicate that pine benefited and spruce suffered from moderate warming. Ozone caused a thickening of epi- and hypo-dermis and a lower stomatal conductance in both species, reduced stomatal density in spruce, and increased proportions of phloem, xylem, and sclerenchyma and reduced growth in pine. Ozone responses suggest increased oxidative stress defense. Stomatal responses were affected by interactions of elevated temperature and ozone in both species. Nitrogen availability modified ozone and temperature responses, particularly in the vascular tissues in pine.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased spruce mesophyll intercellular space.
PiceaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In spruce, warming increased mesophyll intercellular space”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced spruce gas exchange and shoot growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“warming increased mesophyll intercellular space and reduced gas exchange and shoot growth”
t0“Norway spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming narrowed spruce needles and thinned epidermis and hypodermis.
- Treatment
- warmingt1
- Outcome
- needles narrower and the epidermis and hypodermis thinnere0
- Direction
- narrowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“made needles narrower and the epidermis and hypodermis thinner”
t0“Norway spruce”
t1“Warming and elevated ozone differently modify needle anatomy of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming enlarged pine needles.
PinusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In pine, warming made needles bigger”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased pine shoot and stem growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“warming made needles bigger, increased shoot and stem growth”
t0“Scots pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased pine stomatal row number.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased shoot and stem growth, stomatal row number”
t0“Scots pine”
t1“Warming and elevated ozone differently modify needle anatomy of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased pine vascular cylinder, phloem and xylem proportions.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased shoot and stem growth, stomatal row number, and proportions of vascular cylinder, phloem, and xylem”
t0“Scots pine”
t1“Warming and elevated ozone differently modify needle anatomy of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced pine mesophyll proportion.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the proportion of mesophyll”
t0“Scots pine”
t1“Warming and elevated ozone differently modify needle anatomy of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone thickened spruce epidermis and hypodermis.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ozone caused a thickening of epi- and hypo-dermis and a lower stomatal conductance in both species”
t0“Norway spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone thickened pine epidermis and hypodermis.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ozone caused a thickening of epi- and hypo-dermis and a lower stomatal conductance in both species”
t0“Scots pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone lowered spruce stomatal conductance.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ozone caused a thickening of epi- and hypo-dermis and a lower stomatal conductance in both species”
t0“Norway spruce”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone lowered pine stomatal conductance.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ozone caused a thickening of epi- and hypo-dermis and a lower stomatal conductance in both species”
t0“Scots pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone reduced spruce stomatal density.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced stomatal density in spruce”
t0“Warming and elevated ozone”
t1“Warming and elevated ozone differently modify needle anatomy of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone increased pine phloem, xylem and sclerenchyma proportions.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased proportions of phloem, xylem, and sclerenchyma”
t0“Scots pine”
t1“Warming and elevated ozone differently modify needle anatomy of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone reduced pine growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced growth in pine”
t0“Warming and elevated ozone”
t1“Warming and elevated ozone differently modify needle anatomy of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature and ozone interacted in stomatal responses of both species.
- Taxon
- Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)
Picea abies
Pinus sylvestrist0 - Treatment
- elevated temperature and ozonee0
- Outcome
- Stomatal responsese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomatal responses were affected by interactions of elevated temperature and ozone in both species”
t0“Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen availability modified pine vascular tissue responses to ozone and temperature.
- Organ / stage
- vascular tissuese0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen availabilitye0
- Outcome
- ozone and temperature responsese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen availability modified ozone and temperature responses, particularly in the vascular tissues in pine”
The same questions in other papers
ozone · growth · PinusResults differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
ozone · physiology: gas exchange · PiceaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.