Abstract
We investigated incidences of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and concentrations of six mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and zearalenone) in wheat from 2010 to 2013. Field trials were conducted at the Experimental Station of Cultivar Testing in Chrząstowo, Poland (53o11’N, 17o35’E). We examined the effects of four agronomic factors, including pre-crop type (corn, sugar beets and wheat), date of sowing (late autumn: November 8–December 9 or spring: March 29–April 19), fungicidal application (untreated or treated with two applications) and cultivar (Monsun, Cytra), on FHB index (FHBi) and mycotoxin levels in order to minimize the risk of wheat grain contamination by mycotoxins via integrated pest management methods. The dominant Fusarium species observed on wheat heads were F. culmorum, F. avenaceum (Gibberella avenacea) and F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae), at 21.1%, 17.2% and 7.1%, respectively. A monthly rainfall sum of 113.9 mm and a relatively low air temperature (monthly average 15.5 °C) resulted in the highest FHBi in untreated wheat (25.1%). Agronomic factors crucial for the FHB incidence were the pre-crop, fungicidal treatments and cultivar selection. In wheat planted after wheat or corn, the FHBi was higher compared with a pre-crop of sugar beet. A double application of fungicides at BBCH 30–32 with prothioconazole and spiroxamine and at a BBCH 65 with fluoxastrobin and prothioconazole effectively reduced the FHBi and mycotoxin concentrations, respectively, in grain. The cultivar ‘Cytra’ had a greater FHBi (10.4%) than ‘Monsun’ (4.6%), and grain infestations by Fusarium species were also greater in ‘Cytra’, at 16.5%, than in ‘Monsun’, at 11.2%. Untreated cv. Cytra grown after corn in spring produced grains with the highest amounts of the mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone and HT-2 (605, 103, 17.5 and 5.53 μg/kg, respectively). Total mycotoxin levels in wheat were correlated with five determinants: duration of the period between the end of flowering and the beginning of kernel abscission, FHBi, F. culmorum isolation, G. zeae isolation and Fusarium ratio (FR) as a % of total mould isolations. Although, the mean concentration of mycotoxins in grain did not exceed the maximum permissible values for unprocessed wheat our study suggests necessity to monitor and mitigate FHB risk for susceptible cultivars, when wheat spring sowing follows corn or wheat.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
The highest FHB index in untreated wheat coincided with high rainfall and low temperature (25.1%).
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- A monthly rainfall sum of 113.9 mme1
- Outcome
- FHBie1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 25.1%e1
- Qualifier
- untreatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e1“A monthly rainfall sum of 113.9 mm and a relatively low air temperature (monthly average 15.5 °C) resulted in the highest FHBi in untreated wheat (25.1%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-crop, fungicide treatments and cultivar selection were the agronomic factors crucial for FHB incidence.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pre-crop, fungicidal treatments and cultivar selectione2
- Outcome
- FHB incidencee2
- Qualifier
- cruciale2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e2“Agronomic factors crucial for the FHB incidence were the pre-crop, fungicidal treatments and cultivar selection”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat planted after wheat or corn had higher FHBi than wheat after sugar beet.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- wheat planted after wheat or corne3
- Outcome
- FHBie3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- pre-crop of sugar beete3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e3“In wheat planted after wheat or corn, the FHBi was higher compared with a pre-crop of sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Double fungicide application at BBCH 30–32 reduced FHBi in wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BBCH 30–32 with prothioconazole and spiroxaminee4
- Outcome
- FHBie4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e4“A double application of fungicides at BBCH 30–32 with prothioconazole and spiroxamine and at a BBCH 65 with fluoxastrobin and prothioconazole effectively reduced the FHBi and mycotoxin concentrations, respectively, in grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide application at BBCH 65 reduced mycotoxin concentrations in wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- at a BBCH 65 with fluoxastrobin and prothioconazolee4
- Outcome
- mycotoxin concentrationse4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e4“A double application of fungicides at BBCH 30–32 with prothioconazole and spiroxamine and at a BBCH 65 with fluoxastrobin and prothioconazole effectively reduced the FHBi and mycotoxin concentrations, respectively, in grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Cytra had a greater FHBi (10.4%) than cultivar Monsun.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Cytrae5
- Treatment
- cultivare5
- Outcome
- FHBie5
- Direction
- greatere5
- Value
- 10.4%e5
- Comparator
- Monsune5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e5“The cultivar ‘Cytra’ had a greater FHBi (10.4%) than ‘Monsun’ (4.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytra had greater grain infestation by Fusarium species (16.5%) than Monsun (11.2%).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Cytrae6
- Treatment
- cultivare5
- Outcome
- grain infestations by Fusarium speciese6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Value
- 16.5%e6
- Comparator
- Monsune6
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e5“The cultivar ‘Cytra’ had a greater FHBi (10.4%) than ‘Monsun’ (4.6%)”
e6“grain infestations by Fusarium species were also greater in ‘Cytra’, at 16.5%, than in ‘Monsun’, at 11.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated Cytra grown after corn in spring had the highest deoxynivalenol content (605).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv. Cytrae7
- Treatment
- grown after corn in springe7
- Outcome
- deoxynivalenole7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 605e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e7“Untreated cv. Cytra grown after corn in spring produced grains with the highest amounts of the mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone and HT-2 (605, 103, 17.5 and 5.53 μg/kg, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated Cytra grown after corn in spring had the highest 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol content (103).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv. Cytrae7
- Treatment
- grown after corn in springe7
- Outcome
- 3-acetyldeoxynivalenole7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 103e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e7“Untreated cv. Cytra grown after corn in spring produced grains with the highest amounts of the mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone and HT-2 (605, 103, 17.5 and 5.53 μg/kg, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated Cytra grown after corn in spring had the highest zearalenone content (17.5).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv. Cytrae7
- Treatment
- grown after corn in springe7
- Outcome
- zearalenonee7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 17.5e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e7“Untreated cv. Cytra grown after corn in spring produced grains with the highest amounts of the mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone and HT-2 (605, 103, 17.5 and 5.53 μg/kg, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated Cytra grown after corn in spring had the highest HT-2 content (5.53).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cv. Cytrae7
- Treatment
- grown after corn in springe7
- Outcome
- HT-2e7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 5.53e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e7“Untreated cv. Cytra grown after corn in spring produced grains with the highest amounts of the mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone and HT-2 (605, 103, 17.5 and 5.53 μg/kg, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total mycotoxin levels in wheat were correlated with five determinants including FHBi and Fusarium isolation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- F. culmorum
.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium culmorume0pathogen - Second interactor
- G. zeae
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume0pathogen - Outcome
- Total mycotoxin levelse0
- Qualifier
- five determinantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e0“Total mycotoxin levels in wheat were correlated with five determinants: duration of the period between the end of flowering and the beginning of kernel abscission, FHBi, F. culmorum isolation, G. zeae isolation and Fusarium ratio (FR) as a % of total mould isolations”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat spring sowing after corn or wheat calls for monitoring and mitigation of FHB risk in susceptible cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- monitor and mitigate FHB riske0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e0“our study suggests necessity to monitor and mitigate FHB risk for susceptible cultivars, when wheat spring sowing follows corn or wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean grain mycotoxin concentration did not exceed maximum permissible values for unprocessed wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- mean concentration of mycotoxins in graine0
- Qualifier
- did not exceed the maximum permissible values for unprocessed wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e0“Although, the mean concentration of mycotoxins in grain did not exceed the maximum permissible values for unprocessed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The dominant Fusarium species on wheat heads included F. culmorum at 21.1%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- F. culmorumFusarium culmorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- dominant Fusarium speciese0
- Value
- 21.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e0“The dominant Fusarium species observed on wheat heads were F. culmorum, F. avenaceum (Gibberella avenacea) and F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae), at 21.1%, 17.2% and 7.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
The dominant Fusarium species on wheat heads included F. avenaceum at 17.2%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- F. avenaceum
Fusarium avenaceume0pathogen - Outcome
- dominant Fusarium speciese0
- Value
- 17.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e0“The dominant Fusarium species observed on wheat heads were F. culmorum, F. avenaceum (Gibberella avenacea) and F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae), at 21.1%, 17.2% and 7.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
The dominant Fusarium species on wheat heads included F. graminearum at 7.1%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- dominant Fusarium speciese0
- Value
- 7.1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat”
e0“The dominant Fusarium species observed on wheat heads were F. culmorum, F. avenaceum (Gibberella avenacea) and F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae), at 21.1%, 17.2% and 7.1%”
The same questions in other papers
Zea mays subsp. mays · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- no effect
prothioconazole · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →Zea mays subsp. mays · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
fluoxastrobin · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.