Abstract
Soil acidification is a major problem in modern agricultural systems and is an important factor affecting the soil microbial community and soil health. However, little is known about the effect of soil acidification on soil-borne plant diseases. We performed a four-year investigation in South China to evaluate the correlation between soil acidification and the occurrence of bacterial wilt. The results showed that the average soil pH in fields infected by bacterial wilt disease was much lower than that in non-disease fields. Moreover, the proportion of infected soils with pH lower than 5.5 was much higher than that of non-infected soils, and this phenomenon became more obvious as the area of bacterial wilt disease increased at soil pH lower than 5.5 from 2011 to 2014. Then, in a field pot experiment, bacterial wilt disease developed more quickly and severely in acidic conditions of pH 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5. These results indicate that soil acidification can cause the outbreak of bacterial wilt disease. Further experiments showed that acidic conditions (pH 4.5-5.5) favored the growth of the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum but suppressed the growth and antagonistic activity of antagonistic bacteria of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus cereus. Moreover, acidic conditions of pH 5.5 were conducive to the expression of the virulence genes PopA, PrhA, and SolR but restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco. Finally, application of wood ash and lime as soil pH amendments improved soil pH and reduced the occurrence of bacterial wilt. Together, these findings improve our understanding of the correlation between soil acidification and soil-borne plant diseases and also suggest that regulation of soil acidification is the precondition and foundation of controlling bacterial wilt.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH was lower in fields with bacterial wilt than in fields without the disease.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume1 - Outcome
- average soil pHe0
- Direction
- much lowere0
- Comparator
- non-disease fieldse0
- Setting
- fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the average soil pH in fields infected by bacterial wilt disease was much lower than that in non-disease fields”
e1“restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected soils more often had pH below 5.5 than noninfected soils.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Outcome
- proportion of infected soils with pH lower than 5.5e0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Comparator
- non-infected soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the proportion of infected soils with pH lower than 5.5 was much higher than that of non-infected soils”
e1“restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial wilt developed faster and more severely under acidic pot conditions.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- acidic conditions of pH 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5e0
- Outcome
- bacterial wilt diseasee0
- Direction
- more quickly and severelye0
- Setting
- field pot experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in a field pot experiment, bacterial wilt disease developed more quickly and severely in acidic conditions of pH 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5”
e1“restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Acidic conditions favored growth of Ralstonia solanacearum.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- acidic conditions (pH 4.5-5.5)e0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearum
Ralstonia solanacearume0pathogen - Outcome
- growth of the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearume0
- Direction
- favorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“acidic conditions (pH 4.5-5.5) favored the growth of the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum”
e1“restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Acidic conditions suppressed growth and antagonistic activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus cereus.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- acidic conditions (pH 4.5-5.5)e0
- Interactor
- Ralstonia solanacearumRalstonia solanacearume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus cereus
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Bacillus cereuse0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- growth and antagonistic activitye0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“acidic conditions (pH 4.5-5.5) favored the growth of the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum but suppressed the growth and antagonistic activity of antagonistic bacteria of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus cereus”
e1“restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 5.5, acidic conditions favored expression of the pathogen virulence genes PopA, PrhA and SolR.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- acidic conditions of pH 5.5e0
- Gene
- PopA, PrhA, and SolRe0
- Outcome
- expression of the virulence genese0
- Direction
- conducivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“acidic conditions of pH 5.5 were conducive to the expression of the virulence genes PopA, PrhA, and SolR”
e1“restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 5.5, acidic conditions restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- acidic conditions of pH 5.5e0
- Outcome
- resistance gene expressione0
- Direction
- restrainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“acidic conditions of pH 5.5 were conducive to the expression of the virulence genes PopA, PrhA, and SolR but restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Wood ash and lime raised soil pH and reduced bacterial wilt occurrence.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- wood ash and limee0
- Outcome
- occurrence of bacterial wilte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of wood ash and lime as soil pH amendments improved soil pH and reduced the occurrence of bacterial wilt”
e1“restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend regulating soil acidification as the foundation for bacterial wilt control.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- regulation of soil acidificatione0
- Outcome
- controlling bacterial wilte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“regulation of soil acidification is the precondition and foundation of controlling bacterial wilt”
e1“restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco”
The same questions in other papers
ph · molecular: expression · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
ph · disease · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
lime · disease · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.