Abstract
Ammonium nitrate is a fertilizer and an explosive. Encapsulation of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) with coal combustion byproducts (fly ash or flue gas desulfurization gypsum) reduces the explosiveness of NH4NO3. A field study was conducted to determine the effects of encapsulated NH4NO3 on corn (Zea mays L.) and rye (Secale cereal L.) yield and accumulation of nitrogen (N), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), iron (Pb), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). Nitrogen rates were 56 and 112 kg ha−1. Yields and concentrations of N and metals in corn grain, ear-leaf, and stover and in rye shoots were not affected by N source. Increased N rate resulted in increased corn ear-leaf, grain, and stover N, ear-leaf Cu, Mn, and Zn, and rye shoot yield, Cu, and Zn. For both species, metal levels did not exceed normal ranges. Coal byproduct-encapsulated NH4NO3 is as effective as non-encapsulated NH4NO3 for corn or rye production, without increasing plant metal concentrations above normal levels.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen source did not affect corn yield or elemental concentrations in corn tissues.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- N sourcee0
- Outcome
- Yields and concentrations of N and metals in corn grain, ear-leaf, and stovere0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields and concentrations of N and metals in corn grain, ear-leaf, and stover and in rye shoots were not affected by N source.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen source did not affect rye yield or shoot elemental concentrations.
- Taxon
- rye
Secale cerealee0 - Treatment
- N sourcee0
- Outcome
- Yields and concentrations of N and metals in corn grain, ear-leaf, and stover and in rye shootse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields and concentrations of N and metals in corn grain, ear-leaf, and stover and in rye shoots were not affected by N source.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rate increased corn nitrogen in ear-leaf, grain and stover.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Increased N ratee0
- Outcome
- corn ear-leaf, grain, and stover Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased N rate resulted in increased corn ear-leaf, grain, and stover N, ear-leaf Cu, Mn, and Zn, and rye shoot yield, Cu, and Zn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rate increased corn ear-leaf copper, manganese and zinc.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Increased N ratee0
- Outcome
- ear-leaf Cu, Mn, and Zne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased N rate resulted in increased corn ear-leaf, grain, and stover N, ear-leaf Cu, Mn, and Zn, and rye shoot yield, Cu, and Zn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rate increased rye shoot yield.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Treatment
- Increased N ratee0
- Outcome
- rye shoot yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased N rate resulted in increased corn ear-leaf, grain, and stover N, ear-leaf Cu, Mn, and Zn, and rye shoot yield, Cu, and Zn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rate increased rye shoot copper and zinc.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealee0
- Treatment
- Increased N ratee0
- Outcome
- rye shoot yield, Cu, and Zne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased N rate resulted in increased corn ear-leaf, grain, and stover N, ear-leaf Cu, Mn, and Zn, and rye shoot yield, Cu, and Zn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn metal levels stayed within normal ranges.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- metal levelse0
- Direction
- did not exceede0
- Comparator
- normal rangese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both species, metal levels did not exceed normal ranges.”
t0“corn and rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye metal levels stayed within normal ranges.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Outcome
- metal levelse0
- Direction
- did not exceede0
- Comparator
- normal rangese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both species, metal levels did not exceed normal ranges.”
t0“corn and rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Coal byproduct encapsulated ammonium nitrate was judged equally effective for corn production without above-normal metal concentrations.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- as effective as non-encapsulated NH4NO3 for corn or rye productione0
- Comparator
- non-encapsulated NH4NO3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coal byproduct-encapsulated NH4NO3 is as effective as non-encapsulated NH4NO3 for corn or rye production, without increasing plant metal concentrations above normal levels.”
t0“corn and rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Coal byproduct encapsulated ammonium nitrate was judged equally effective for rye production without above-normal metal concentrations.
- Taxon
- ryeSecale cerealet0
- Outcome
- as effective as non-encapsulated NH4NO3 for corn or rye productione0
- Comparator
- non-encapsulated NH4NO3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coal byproduct-encapsulated NH4NO3 is as effective as non-encapsulated NH4NO3 for corn or rye production, without increasing plant metal concentrations above normal levels.”
t0“corn and rye”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · yield · Secale cereale (rye)Positive and negative results
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
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See all 28 papers →nitrogen · organism · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
45 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
59 papers more in this group
See all 63 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.