Abstract
Downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola is a serious disease of grapevine, and its control is based on the intense application of chemical fungicide. We previously shown Trichoderma harzianum T39 (T39) and benzothiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) reduce downy mildew severity in the Pinot Noir grapevine variety by enhancing plant resistance. However, the effect of the plant genotype on the resistance induction mechanisms was not yet analyzed in grapevine. The aim of this study was to characterize the physiological and molecular properties of the T39-induced resistance in different grapevine varieties used for table and wine grape production, in order to further optimize the use of this agent for downy mildew control. Rooted cutting from 14 grapevine varieties were grown under greenhouse conditions. T39 conidia, BTH and water (control) were applied to grapevine leaves and Plasmopara viticola sporangia were then inoculated. Here we showed that T39 treatment significantly reduces downy mildew symptoms in the different grapevine varieties. However, different levels of T39 efficacy were observed: T39 efficacy was particularly high in Negroamaro plants, but it was lower in Primitivo than in Pinot Noir plants, indicating that the plant genotype is a key determinant of T39-induced resistance. Moreover, the efficacy of resistance activated by BTH was higher than T39 and was not affected by the grapevine genotype. Gene expression analysis of four defence marker genes confirms the complex effect of the plant genotype on the molecular mechanism activated by pathogen inoculation and by T39 treatment in different varieties. In Pinot Noir and Primitivo varieties, T39-induced resistance is based on a dual effect: direct induction of PR-2 and PR-4 genes and enhanced expression of these genes after pathogen inoculation. Correlation between gene expression and T39 efficacy was observed in Primitivo and Pinot Noir plants, but more complex regulation or additional defence genes are implicated in the T39-induced resistance in the variety Sugraone and Negroamaro. Grapevine varieties have different reaction to the same stimuli, indicating that specific receptors are probably involved in the regulation of the plant response. The evidence reported here suggests that a good resistance inducer should be applied on a highly responsive cultivar in order to maximize the effect of the biocontrol agent.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
T39 significantly reduced downy mildew symptoms across grapevine varieties.
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here we showed that T39 treatment significantly reduces downy mildew symptoms in the different grapevine varieties.”
Claim · model-written summary
T39 efficacy was particularly high in Negroamaro plants.
Verbatim
e0“T39 efficacy was particularly high in Negroamaro plants”
Claim · model-written summary
T39 efficacy was lower in Primitivo than Pinot Noir plants.
Verbatim
e0“it was lower in Primitivo than in Pinot Noir plants”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH activated resistance more effectively than T39.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the efficacy of resistance activated by BTH was higher than T39”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH efficacy was unaffected by grapevine genotype.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was not affected by the grapevine genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene expression confirmed a complex genotype effect on responses to pathogen inoculation and T39 treatment.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression analysis of four defence marker genes confirms the complex effect of the plant genotype on the molecular mechanism activated by pathogen inoculation and by T39 treatment in different varieties.”
Claim · model-written summary
In Pinot Noir and Primitivo, T39 directly induced PR-2 and PR-4 genes.
- Material
- Pinot Noir and Primitivoe0
- Treatment
- T39-inducede0
- Gene
- PR-2 and PR-4e0
- Outcome
- direct induction of PR-2 and PR-4 genese0
- Direction
- inductione0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“In Pinot Noir and Primitivo varieties, T39-induced resistance is based on a dual effect: direct induction of PR-2 and PR-4 genes”
Claim · model-written summary
In Pinot Noir and Primitivo, T39 enhanced PR-2 and PR-4 expression after pathogen inoculation.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“enhanced expression of these genes after pathogen inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene expression correlated with T39 efficacy in Primitivo and Pinot Noir.
- Taxon
- Primitivo and Pinot Noire0
- Material
- Primitivo and Pinot Noire0
- Gene
- gene expressione0
- Outcome
- T39 efficacye0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Correlation between gene expression and T39 efficacy was observed in Primitivo and Pinot Noir plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors implicate complex regulation or additional defence genes in Sugraone and Negroamaro T39 resistance.
Verbatim
e0“more complex regulation or additional defence genes are implicated in the T39-induced resistance in the variety Sugraone and Negroamaro”
Claim · model-written summary
Grapevine varieties reacted differently to the same stimuli.
- Outcome
- different reaction to the same stimulie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grapevine varieties have different reaction to the same stimuli”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest specific receptors probably regulate plant responses.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“specific receptors are probably involved in the regulation of the plant response”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend applying a resistance inducer to a highly responsive cultivar.
- Outcome
- applied on a highly responsive cultivare0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“a good resistance inducer should be applied on a highly responsive cultivar in order to maximize the effect of the biocontrol agent”
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