Abstract
Research was conducted to evaluate weed management practices in 2,4-D resistant and dicamba resistant soybean. Dicamba resistant and 2,4-D resistant soybean will allow for the use of an additional herbicide site of action for control of troublesome broadleaves such as Palmer amaranth, tall waterhemp, horseweed, and giant ragweed. The longevity and utility of 2,4-D resistant and dicamba resistant soybean will depend on how the crops and their corresponding herbicides are managed and integrated into a weed management strategy. The movement of herbicides from the application site to sensitive vegetation as well as selection of herbicide resistant weeds from repeated herbicide use are two factors that are likely to decrease the longevity and utility of these crops. Studies were conducted to investigate the influence of broadcast spray nozzle design on the deposition, absorption, and efficacy of postemergence applied herbicides. When evaluating droplet deposition in a narrow row soybean canopy, nozzle design did not influence herbicide coverage at the ideal height of weeds. Coverage in a narrow row soybean canopy was influenced by spray volume with the 140 l ha-1 volume resulting in greater coverage than the 94 l ha-1 volume. Deposition of glyphosate plus 2,4-D or dicamba postemergence onto target weeds resulted in equivalent depositions on the leaf surfaces between two traditional flat fan nozzles and two air induction drift reduction nozzles. Herbicide efficacy was only influenced by nozzle design when applications were made to high-density stands of weeds or when the weeds exceeded the recommended heights for postemergence application. Results from these investigations showed applications of 2,4-D and dicamba herbicides with the required low drift nozzles can provide control of troublesome broadleaf weeds when making applications following a residual herbicide to appropriately sized weeds with spray volumes greater than 94 l ha-1 . Research experiments were conducted over four growing seasons to evaluate the influence of herbicide use patterns on weed species density and diversity and herbicide resistance selection pressure. Herbicide Strategies that relied on glyphosate plus dicamba or 2,4-D with minimal use of residual herbicides resulted in greater weed densities and number of weed species at postemergence herbicide applications, indicating a significant increase in herbicide resistance selection pressure. The dicamba or 2,4-D reliant strategies also resulted in shifts towards monocot species both in field observations as well as soil seed bank evaluations with fall panicum becoming the predominate species. Integrated strategies that included soil residual herbicides reduced both dicot and monocot species abundance and a predominate weed species was not apparent after four years. The ultimate longevity of the 2,4-D resistant and dicamba resistant soybean systems will depend on the implementation of best management practices. The use of air induction nozzles for herbicide applications in this system will reduce the potential for off-site movement thus retaining or building a positive rapport amongst the agriculture community and general public. When used appropriately the air induction nozzles provided effective delivery of the herbicide to the target weeds and thus efficacy of the herbicides were not reduced. The useful life of these technologies can be lengthened by implementing herbicide strategies that contain multiple herbicide sites of action, soil residual herbicides, and incorporate cultural weed management practices to supplement herbicides.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Nozzle design did not influence herbicide coverage in a narrow row soybean canopy.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- nozzle designe0
- Outcome
- herbicide coveragee0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When evaluating droplet deposition in a narrow row soybean canopy, nozzle design did not influence herbicide coverage at the ideal height of weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray volume of 140 l ha-1 gave greater coverage in a narrow row soybean canopy than 94 l ha-1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- spray volumee0
- Outcome
- coveragee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 140 l ha-1e0
- Comparator
- 94 l ha-1 volumee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coverage in a narrow row soybean canopy was influenced by spray volume with the 140 l ha-1 volume resulting in greater coverage than the 94 l ha-1 volume”
Claim · model-written summary
Two air induction drift reduction nozzles gave equivalent deposition on weed leaf surfaces to two traditional flat fan nozzles for glyphosate plus 2,4-D or dicamba.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- two air induction drift reduction nozzlese0
- Interactor
- target weedse0weed
- Outcome
- depositions on the leaf surfacese0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Comparator
- two traditional flat fan nozzlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“Deposition of glyphosate plus 2,4-D or dicamba postemergence onto target weeds resulted in equivalent depositions on the leaf surfaces between two traditional flat fan nozzles and two air induction drift reduction nozzles”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide efficacy was influenced by nozzle design only when applied to high-density weed stands or to weeds beyond recommended height.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- nozzle designe0
- Outcome
- Herbicide efficacye0
- Direction
- only influencede0
- Qualifier
- high-density stands of weedse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“Herbicide efficacy was only influenced by nozzle design when applications were made to high-density stands of weeds or when the weeds exceeded the recommended heights for postemergence application”
Claim · model-written summary
Applications of 2,4-D and dicamba with low drift nozzles can provide control of troublesome broadleaf weeds when applied after a residual herbicide to appropriately sized weeds at spray volumes above 94 l ha-1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D and dicamba herbicidese0
- Outcome
- control of troublesome broadleaf weedse0
- Qualifier
- spray volumes greater than 94 l ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“Results from these investigations showed applications of 2,4-D and dicamba herbicides with the required low drift nozzles can provide control of troublesome broadleaf weeds when making applications following a residual herbicide to appropriately sized weeds with spray volumes greater than 94 l ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide strategies relying on glyphosate plus dicamba or 2,4-D with minimal residual herbicide gave greater weed densities and number of weed species.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- glyphosate plus dicamba or 2,4-D with minimal use of residual herbicidese0
- Interactor
- weed speciese0weed
- Outcome
- weed densities and number of weed speciese0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“Herbicide Strategies that relied on glyphosate plus dicamba or 2,4-D with minimal use of residual herbicides resulted in greater weed densities and number of weed species at postemergence herbicide applications, indicating a significant increase in herbicide resistance selection pressure”
Claim · model-written summary
The minimal-residual glyphosate plus dicamba or 2,4-D strategies indicate a significant increase in herbicide resistance selection pressure.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- glyphosate plus dicamba or 2,4-D with minimal use of residual herbicidese0
- Outcome
- herbicide resistance selection pressuree0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“Herbicide Strategies that relied on glyphosate plus dicamba or 2,4-D with minimal use of residual herbicides resulted in greater weed densities and number of weed species at postemergence herbicide applications, indicating a significant increase in herbicide resistance selection pressure”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba or 2,4-D reliant strategies resulted in shifts towards monocot species.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicamba or 2,4-D reliant strategiese0
- Outcome
- monocot speciese0
- Direction
- shifts towardse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“The dicamba or 2,4-D reliant strategies also resulted in shifts towards monocot species both in field observations as well as soil seed bank evaluations with fall panicum becoming the predominate species”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall panicum became the predominant weed species under dicamba or 2,4-D reliant strategies.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicamba or 2,4-D reliant strategiese0
- Interactor
- fall panicum
Panicum dichotomiflorume0weed - Outcome
- predominate speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“The dicamba or 2,4-D reliant strategies also resulted in shifts towards monocot species both in field observations as well as soil seed bank evaluations with fall panicum becoming the predominate species”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated strategies with soil residual herbicides reduced both dicot and monocot species abundance.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Integrated strategies that included soil residual herbicidese0
- Outcome
- dicot and monocot species abundancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“Integrated strategies that included soil residual herbicides reduced both dicot and monocot species abundance and a predominate weed species was not apparent after four years”
Claim · model-written summary
A predominant weed species was not apparent after four years under integrated strategies with soil residual herbicides.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Integrated strategies that included soil residual herbicidese0
- Outcome
- a predominate weed speciese0
- Qualifier
- not apparent after four yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“Integrated strategies that included soil residual herbicides reduced both dicot and monocot species abundance and a predominate weed species was not apparent after four years”
Claim · model-written summary
Air induction nozzles will reduce the potential for off-site movement of herbicides in this soybean system.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- air induction nozzlese0
- Outcome
- potential for off-site movemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“The use of air induction nozzles for herbicide applications in this system will reduce the potential for off-site movement thus retaining or building a positive rapport amongst the agriculture community and general public”
Claim · model-written summary
Air induction nozzles did not reduce herbicide efficacy against target weeds when used appropriately.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- air induction nozzlese0
- Outcome
- efficacy of the herbicidese0
- Direction
- were not reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“When used appropriately the air induction nozzles provided effective delivery of the herbicide to the target weeds and thus efficacy of the herbicides were not reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
The useful life of these technologies can be lengthened by implementing herbicide strategies with multiple sites of action, soil residual herbicides and cultural weed management.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- implementing herbicide strategies that contain multiple herbicide sites of actione0
- Outcome
- useful life of these technologiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistant Soybean”
e0“The useful life of these technologies can be lengthened by implementing herbicide strategies that contain multiple herbicide sites of action, soil residual herbicides, and incorporate cultural weed management practices to supplement herbicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Longevity of the 2,4-D resistant and dicamba resistant soybean systems depends on implementation of best management practices.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- implementation of best management practicese0
- Outcome
- longevity of the 2,4-D resistant and dicamba resistant soybean systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ultimate longevity of the 2,4-D resistant and dicamba resistant soybean systems will depend on the implementation of best management practices”
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See all 35 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.