Abstract
Developing a common mechanistic model to predict tiller dynamics in sorghum and rice canopies growing in favorable conditions can greatly contribute to the identification of common genetic regions involved in tiller production of both species. Crop growth processes of a high-tillering sorghum hybrid, grown in different plant densities in Australia, and a conventional rice inbred, grown during several crop seasons and under several crop management techniques in the Philippines, were quantified. Total tiller production per plant was up to 6 for sorghum growing at 2 plants m-2, and up to 30 for rice growing at 25 plants m-2. Only primary tillers were observed on sorghum, whereas secondary and tertiary tillers developed on the rice plant. Rate of tiller emergence for sorghum was linearly related to leaf number on the main tiller, with the first tiller emerging at leaf number 6 (when the incomplete leaf was counted) and tiller 5 emerging at leaf number 10. Even if the rate of tiller emergence in rice was exponentially related to leaf number, that of the primary tiller was also linearly related to leaf number, with the same characteristics as that in sorghum. This was also probably the case for emergence of secondary tillers related to leaf number of their mother primary tiller. Dynamics in leaf emergence on primary tillers was identical to that of the main tiller in sorghum and rice. Cessation in tiller emergence in sorghum was correlated to a unique value of leaf area index, 0.6, when plant densities from 2 to 16 plants m-2 were considered. Cessation in tiller emergence in rice occurred, however, with leaf area index between 1.0 and 3.5, with crop stage between 15 and 2 days before panicle initiation or between 9 days and 1 day before start in internode elongation, when considering a large number of field experiments. Delayed cessation in secondary and tertiary tiller emergence compared to that of primary tiller emergence may suggest considering tiller order to predict cessation in tiller emergence. Tiller senescence for both sorghum and rice systematically concerned the youngest tillers of the plant, whatever their order was. The impact of tiller senescence on grain yield appeared, however, different between sorghum and rice. Grain yield of sorghum, when grown at 16 plants m-2, increased from 9.2 to 11.5 t ha-1, and tiller mortality rate decreased from 0.7 to 0, if all individual tillers were systematically removed from the plant as soon as they appeared. However, decrease in rice tiller mortality rate, from 0.33 to 0.24 by increasing water depth at mid-tillering, or from 0.53 to 0.39 by transplanting younger seedlings, did not affect grain yield. Even though tiller production was highly different in rice and sorghum canopies, most of the features describing tiller dynamics were relatively consistent for both species according to the genotypes and growing conditions considered here. It may be possible to develop a common model for both species as long as control of cessation in tiller emergence and tiller senescence impact on grain yield are clearly assessed.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum produced up to six tillers per plant at 2 plants m-2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total tiller production per plant was up to 6 for sorghum growing at 2 plants m-2, and up to 30 for rice growing at 25 plants m-2.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice produced up to 30 tillers per plant at 25 plants m-2.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- Total tiller production per plante0
- Value
- up to 30e0
- Qualifier
- 25 plants m-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total tiller production per plant was up to 6 for sorghum growing at 2 plants m-2, and up to 30 for rice growing at 25 plants m-2.”
Claim · model-written summary
Only primary tillers were observed in sorghum.
- Outcome
- Only primary tillers were observede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only primary tillers were observed on sorghum, whereas secondary and tertiary tillers developed on the rice plant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary and tertiary tillers developed in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- secondary and tertiary tillers developede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only primary tillers were observed on sorghum, whereas secondary and tertiary tillers developed on the rice plant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum tiller emergence rate was linearly related to main tiller leaf number.
- Organ / stage
- leaf number on the main tillere0
- Outcome
- Rate of tiller emergencee0
- Value
- leaf number 6e0
- Qualifier
- leaf number 10e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rate of tiller emergence for sorghum was linearly related to leaf number on the main tiller, with the first tiller emerging at leaf number 6 (when the incomplete leaf was counted) and tiller 5 emerging at leaf number 10.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice tiller emergence rate was exponentially related to leaf number.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf numbere0
- Outcome
- rate of tiller emergencee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rate of tiller emergence in rice was exponentially related to leaf number”
Claim · model-written summary
Primary tiller emergence in rice was linearly related to leaf number, similarly to sorghum.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leaf numbere0
- Outcome
- primary tillere0
- Comparator
- sorghume0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of the primary tiller was also linearly related to leaf number, with the same characteristics as that in sorghum.”
t0“sorghum and rice canopies”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary tiller emergence probably followed leaf number of the mother primary tiller.
- Taxon
- sorghum and riceOryza sativa
Sorghumt0 - Organ / stage
- leaf number of their mother primary tillere0
- Outcome
- emergence of secondary tillerse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was also probably the case for emergence of secondary tillers related to leaf number of their mother primary tiller.”
t0“sorghum and rice canopies”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf emergence dynamics on primary tillers matched the main tiller in both species.
- Taxon
- sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghume0
- Outcome
- Dynamics in leaf emergence on primary tillerse0
- Direction
- identicale0
- Comparator
- main tillere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dynamics in leaf emergence on primary tillers was identical to that of the main tiller in sorghum and rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum tiller emergence ceased at leaf area index 0.6 across plant densities of 2 to 16 plants m-2.
- Organ / stage
- leaf area indexe0
- Outcome
- Cessation in tiller emergencee0
- Value
- 0.6e0
- Qualifier
- plant densities from 2 to 16 plants m-2e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cessation in tiller emergence in sorghum was correlated to a unique value of leaf area index, 0.6, when plant densities from 2 to 16 plants m-2 were considered.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice tiller emergence ceased at leaf area index 1.0 to 3.5.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- Cessation in tiller emergencee0
- Value
- 1.0 and 3.5e0
- Qualifier
- between 15 and 2 days before panicle initiation or between 9 days and 1 day before start in internode elongatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cessation in tiller emergence in rice occurred, however, with leaf area index between 1.0 and 3.5, with crop stage between 15 and 2 days before panicle initiation or between 9 days and 1 day before start in internode elongation,”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary and tertiary tillers ceased emerging later than primary tillers.
- Taxon
- sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghumt0
- Outcome
- cessation in secondary and tertiary tiller emergencee0
- Direction
- Delayede0
- Comparator
- primary tiller emergencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed cessation in secondary and tertiary tiller emergence compared to that of primary tiller emergence may suggest considering tiller order to predict cessation in tiller emergence.”
t0“sorghum and rice canopies”
Claim · model-written summary
Tiller senescence systematically affected the youngest tillers in both species.
- Taxon
- sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghume0
- Organ / stage
- youngest tillerse0
- Outcome
- Tiller senescencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tiller senescence for both sorghum and rice systematically concerned the youngest tillers of the plant, whatever their order was.”
Claim · model-written summary
The apparent effect of tiller senescence on grain yield differed between sorghum and rice.
- Taxon
- sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghume0
- Outcome
- impact of tiller senescence on grain yielde0
- Direction
- differente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The impact of tiller senescence on grain yield appeared, however, different between sorghum and rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing each sorghum tiller as it emerged increased grain yield from 9.2 to 11.5 t ha-1 at 16 plants m-2.
- Treatment
- all individual tillers were systematically removed from the plant as soon as they appearede0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.2 to 11.5 t ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- 16 plants m-2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield of sorghum, when grown at 16 plants m-2, increased from 9.2 to 11.5 t ha-1, and tiller mortality rate decreased from 0.7 to 0, if all individual tillers were systematically removed from the plant as soon as they appeared.”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing emerging sorghum tillers decreased tiller mortality rate from 0.7 to 0.
- Treatment
- all individual tillers were systematically removed from the plant as soon as they appearede0
- Outcome
- tiller mortality ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.7 to 0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield of sorghum, when grown at 16 plants m-2, increased from 9.2 to 11.5 t ha-1, and tiller mortality rate decreased from 0.7 to 0, if all individual tillers were systematically removed from the plant as soon as they appeared.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing water depth at mid-tillering decreased rice tiller mortality from 0.33 to 0.24.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing water depth at mid-tilleringe0
- Outcome
- rice tiller mortality ratee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 0.33 to 0.24e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decrease in rice tiller mortality rate, from 0.33 to 0.24 by increasing water depth at mid-tillering,”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplanting younger rice seedlings decreased tiller mortality from 0.53 to 0.39.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- transplanting younger seedlingse0
- Outcome
- rice tiller mortality ratee0
- Direction
- decreaset0
- Value
- 0.53 to 0.39e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice tiller mortality rate, from 0.33 to 0.24 by increasing water depth at mid-tillering, or from 0.53 to 0.39 by transplanting younger seedlings,”
t0“decrease in rice tiller mortality rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced rice tiller mortality under these treatments did not affect grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing water depth at mid-tilleringe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- transplanting younger seedlingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decrease in rice tiller mortality rate, from 0.33 to 0.24 by increasing water depth at mid-tillering, or from 0.53 to 0.39 by transplanting younger seedlings, did not affect grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most tiller dynamic features were relatively consistent between the species under the studied conditions.
- Taxon
- sorghum and riceOryza sativaSorghumt0
- Outcome
- features describing tiller dynamicse0
- Direction
- relatively consistente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most of the features describing tiller dynamics were relatively consistent for both species according to the genotypes and growing conditions considered here.”
t0“sorghum and rice canopies”
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