Abstract
Background Deficiency of available forms of phosphorus is common in most soils and causes reduction of crop plants growth and yield. Recently, model plants responses to phosphate (Pi) deficiency have been intensively studied. However, acclimation mechanisms of cereals like oat ( Avena sativa L.), to low Pi stress remains not fully understood. Oat plants have been usually cultured on poor soils, with a low nutrient content, but their responses to such conditions are not well known, therefore the main goal of the study was to investigate the mechanisms that enable oat plants to grow under low Pi conditions. Methods Four oat cultivars ( A. sativa , cv. Arab, Krezus, Rajtar and Szakal) were grown for three weeks in a nutrient media with various P sources: inorganic—KH 2 PO 4 (control), organic—phytate (PA) and with no phosphate (−P). The effects of Pi deficiency on the level of P, oat growth parameters, intensity of photosynthesis, plant productivity, root exudation ability, localization, activity and isoforms of acid phosphatases, enzymes involved in Pi mobilization, were estimated. In addition, the effect of mycorrhization on plant growth was also observed. Results All studied oat cultivars grown on Pi-deficient media had significantly decreased Pi content in the tissues. Pi deficiency caused inhibition of shoot growth, but generally it did not affect root elongation; root diameter was decreased, root/shoot ratios increased, whereas PA plants showed a similar growth to control. Photosynthesis rate and productivity parameters decreased under low Pi nutrition, however, sugar content generally increased. Studied oat cultivars did not respond to low Pi via increased exudation of carboxylates from the roots, as pH changes in the growth media were not observed. Pi starvation significantly increased the activity of extracellular and intracellular acid phosphatases (APases) in comparison to the control plants. Three major APase isoforms were detected in oat tissues and the isoform pattern was similar in all studied conditions, usually with a higher level of one of the isoforms under Pi starvation. Generally no significant effects of mycorrhizal colonization on growth of oat cultivars were observed. Discussion We postulated that acid phosphatases played the most important role in oat cultivars acclimation to Pi deficiency, especially extracellular enzymes involved in Pi acquisition from soil organic P esters. These APases are mainly located in the epidermis of young roots, and may be released to the rhizosphere. On the other hand, intracellular APases could be involved in fast Pi remobilization from internal sources. Our study showed that oat, in contrast to other plants, can use phytates as the sole source of P. The studied oat cultivars demonstrated similar acclimation mechanisms to Pi deficiency, however, depending on stress level, they can use different pools of acid phosphatases.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate-deficient media decreased Pi content in the tissues of all studied oat cultivars, significantly.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativae0 - Material
- Arab, Krezus, Rajtar and Szakale1
- Organ / stage
- tissuese0
- Treatment
- Pi-deficient mediae0
- Outcome
- Pi contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All studied oat cultivars grown on Pi-deficient media had significantly decreased Pi content in the tissues”
e1“Four oat cultivars ( A. sativa , cv. Arab, Krezus, Rajtar and Szakal) were grown for three weeks in a nutrient media with various P sources: inorganic—KH 2 PO 4 (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pi starvation significantly increased the activity of extracellular and intracellular acid phosphatases compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae1
- Treatment
- Pi starvatione0
- Gene
- acid phosphatases (APases)e0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pi starvation significantly increased the activity of extracellular and intracellular acid phosphatases (APases) in comparison to the control plants”
e1“Four oat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Three major acid phosphatase isoforms were detected in oat tissues.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Organ / stage
- tissuese0
- Outcome
- APase isoformse0
- Value
- Three majore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three major APase isoforms were detected in oat tissues and the isoform pattern was similar in all studied conditions, usually with a higher level of one of the isoforms under Pi starvation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Pi starvation one of the APase isoforms usually showed a higher level.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- Pi starvatione0
- Outcome
- level of one of the isoformse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three major APase isoforms were detected in oat tissues and the isoform pattern was similar in all studied conditions, usually with a higher level of one of the isoforms under Pi starvation”
Claim · model-written summary
The APase isoform pattern was similar in all studied conditions.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- isoform patterne0
- Qualifier
- similar in all studied conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three major APase isoforms were detected in oat tissues and the isoform pattern was similar in all studied conditions, usually with a higher level of one of the isoforms under Pi starvation”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid phosphatases are mainly located in the epidermis of young oat roots.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae1
- Organ / stage
- epidermis of young rootse0
- Outcome
- locatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These APases are mainly located in the epidermis of young roots”
e1“Our study showed that oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat can use phytates as the sole source of phosphorus, in contrast to other plants.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- can use phytates as the sole source of Pe0
- Comparator
- other plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our study showed that oat, in contrast to other plants, can use phytates as the sole source of P”
Claim · model-written summary
The studied oat cultivars showed similar acclimation mechanisms to Pi deficiency.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- Pi deficiencye0
- Outcome
- acclimation mechanismse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The studied oat cultivars demonstrated similar acclimation mechanisms to Pi deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization had no significant effect on the growth of oat cultivars.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizale0symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Generally no significant effects of mycorrhizal colonization on growth of oat cultivars were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat cultivars did not increase carboxylate exudation from the roots under low Pi.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- low Pie0
- Outcome
- exudation of carboxylates from the rootse0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studied oat cultivars did not respond to low Pi via increased exudation of carboxylates from the roots, as pH changes in the growth media were not observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Pi deficiency caused inhibition of oat shoot growth.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae1
- Treatment
- Pi deficiencye0
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pi deficiency caused inhibition of shoot growth, but generally it did not affect root elongation; root diameter was decreased, root/shoot ratios increased, whereas PA plants showed a similar growth to control”
e1“Four oat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Pi deficiency did not affect oat root elongation.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae1
- Treatment
- Pi deficiencye0
- Outcome
- root elongatione0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pi deficiency caused inhibition of shoot growth, but generally it did not affect root elongation; root diameter was decreased, root/shoot ratios increased, whereas PA plants showed a similar growth to control”
e1“Four oat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Pi deficiency decreased oat root diameter.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae1
- Treatment
- Pi deficiencye0
- Outcome
- root diametere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pi deficiency caused inhibition of shoot growth, but generally it did not affect root elongation; root diameter was decreased, root/shoot ratios increased, whereas PA plants showed a similar growth to control”
e1“Four oat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Pi deficiency increased the root/shoot ratio of oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae1
- Treatment
- Pi deficiencye0
- Outcome
- root/shoot ratiose0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pi deficiency caused inhibition of shoot growth, but generally it did not affect root elongation; root diameter was decreased, root/shoot ratios increased, whereas PA plants showed a similar growth to control”
e1“Four oat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
PA-grown oat plants showed growth similar to the control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pi deficiency caused inhibition of shoot growth, but generally it did not affect root elongation; root diameter was decreased, root/shoot ratios increased, whereas PA plants showed a similar growth to control”
e1“Four oat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Low Pi nutrition decreased photosynthesis rate and productivity parameters in oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae1
- Treatment
- low Pi nutritione0
- Outcome
- Photosynthesis rate and productivity parameterse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthesis rate and productivity parameters decreased under low Pi nutrition, however, sugar content generally increased”
e1“Four oat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Low Pi nutrition increased sugar content in oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae1
- Treatment
- low Pi nutritione0
- Outcome
- sugar contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthesis rate and productivity parameters decreased under low Pi nutrition, however, sugar content generally increased”
e1“Four oat cultivars”
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