Abstract
In alternate bearing olive trees, high yield on-crop years alternate with low yield off-crop years. Research was undertaken in support of the California olive industry to determine how fruit number one year impacts floral intensity and yield the following year. Removing the on-crop of fruit before endocarp hardening (mid-July) restored summer vegetative shoot growth and inflorescence number the following spring. Delaying fruit removal to 75 days after endocarp hardening (September) significantly reduced spring bud break and floral intensity. Quantification of the fate of buds on nonbearing and bearing shoots of off- and on-crop control trees provided striking results. The majority of buds on nonbearing shoots of off-crop trees produced inflorescences, whereas most buds on nonbearing shoots of on-crop trees remained inactive through spring bloom. In sharp contrast, 74% of buds on bearing shoots of on-crop trees had abscised prior to spring bloom. A putative O. europaea FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene, known to upregulate flowering in woody perennials, was expressed in buds on nonbearing shoots of off-crop trees from June through March, but was repressed in buds of bearing and nonbearing shoots of on-crop trees starting in September and October, respectively. Whereas the lack of OeFT expression in buds on bearing shoots of on-crop trees may be due to the abscission of 51% of the floral buds by September, this result taken together with the repression of OeFT in buds on nonbearing shoots of on-crop trees in October, for which floral bud abscission was not a factor, suggests the possibility that the on crop may inhibit determination of the floral meristem between September and October. Buds on nonbearing shoots of off-crop trees subsequently expressed two floral organ identify genes in March; these genes were not expressed in buds of nonbearing and bearing shoots of on-crop trees. This study is the first to provide evidence that several mechanisms in addition to inhibition of summer vegetative shoot growth, including inhibition of spring bud break, inhibition of floral development at the level of gene expression, and abscission of potential floral buds, contribute to the perpetuation of alternate bearing in olive.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Removing the on-crop before endocarp hardening restored summer vegetative shoot growth.
- Taxon
- Olive
Olea europaeat0 - Treatment
- Removing the on-crop of fruit before endocarp hardening (mid-July)e0
- Outcome
- summer vegetative shoot growthe0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“Removing the on-crop of fruit before endocarp hardening (mid-July) restored summer vegetative shoot growth and inflorescence number the following spring.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early fruit removal restored inflorescence number the following spring.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- Removing the on-crop of fruit before endocarp hardening (mid-July)e0
- Outcome
- inflorescence numbere0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Qualifier
- the following springe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“Removing the on-crop of fruit before endocarp hardening (mid-July) restored summer vegetative shoot growth and inflorescence number the following spring.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit removal 75 days after endocarp hardening significantly reduced spring bud break.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- Delaying fruit removal to 75 days after endocarp hardening (September)e0
- Outcome
- spring bud breake0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“Delaying fruit removal to 75 days after endocarp hardening (September) significantly reduced spring bud break and floral intensity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed fruit removal significantly reduced floral intensity.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- Delaying fruit removal to 75 days after endocarp hardening (September)e0
- Outcome
- floral intensitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“Delaying fruit removal to 75 days after endocarp hardening (September) significantly reduced spring bud break and floral intensity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most buds on nonbearing shoots of off-crop trees produced inflorescences.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- buds on nonbearing shootse0
- Outcome
- produced inflorescencese0
- Qualifier
- off-crop treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“The majority of buds on nonbearing shoots of off-crop trees produced inflorescences”
Claim · model-written summary
Most buds on nonbearing shoots of on-crop trees remained inactive through spring bloom.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- buds on nonbearing shootse0
- Outcome
- remained inactive through spring bloome0
- Qualifier
- on-crop treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“most buds on nonbearing shoots of on-crop trees remained inactive through spring bloom.”
Claim · model-written summary
Before spring bloom, 74% of buds on bearing shoots of on-crop trees had abscised.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- buds on bearing shoots of on-crop trees had abscisede0
- Value
- 74%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“74% of buds on bearing shoots of on-crop trees had abscised prior to spring bloom.”
Claim · model-written summary
FT was expressed from June through March in buds on nonbearing shoots of off-crop trees.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- buds on nonbearing shootse0
- Gene
- O. europaea FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)e0
- Outcome
- was expressede0
- Qualifier
- from June through Marche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“A putative O. europaea FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene, known to upregulate flowering in woody perennials, was expressed in buds on nonbearing shoots of off-crop trees from June through March”
Claim · model-written summary
FT expression was repressed in bearing shoot buds of on-crop trees from September.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- buds of bearinge0
- Outcome
- repressede0
- Qualifier
- starting in Septembere0
Not reportedGene
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“but was repressed in buds of bearing and nonbearing shoots of on-crop trees starting in September and October, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
FT expression was repressed in nonbearing shoot buds of on-crop trees from October.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- nonbearing shootse0
- Outcome
- repressede0
- Qualifier
- Octobere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“but was repressed in buds of bearing and nonbearing shoots of on-crop trees starting in September and October, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
By September, 51% of floral buds on bearing shoots of on-crop trees had abscised.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- floral budse0
- Value
- 51%e0
- Qualifier
- by Septembere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“the abscission of 51% of the floral buds by September”
Claim · model-written summary
Two floral organ identity genes were expressed in March in buds on nonbearing off-crop shoots.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Gene
- two floral organ identify genese0
- Outcome
- expressede0
- Qualifier
- in Marche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“Buds on nonbearing shoots of off-crop trees subsequently expressed two floral organ identify genes in March”
Claim · model-written summary
The floral organ identity genes were not expressed in buds of on-crop trees.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- buds of nonbearing and bearing shootse0
- Outcome
- not expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“these genes were not expressed in buds of nonbearing and bearing shoots of on-crop trees.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest the on crop may inhibit floral meristem determination between September and October.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- inhibit determination of the floral meristeme0
- Qualifier
- between September and Octobere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternate Bearing in Olive (Olea europaea L.)”
e0“suggests the possibility that the on crop may inhibit determination of the floral meristem between September and October.”
The same questions in other papers
in vitro · growth · Olea europaea (common olive)Positive and negative results
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.