Abstract
Two field experiments were executed to investigate the effects of foliar-applied moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract (MLE; 1:30 w/v) and salicylic acid (SA; 0.5 mmol), singly or in combination, on growth, physio-biochemical, yield attributes and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize (Zea mays L., Three Ways Cross 329) under full and deficit irrigation conditions. Deficit irrigation was carried out by withholding water for 36 d from 12 to 48 days after sowing (DAS). At vegetative stage, deficit irrigation significantly decreased all growth criteria, chlorophyll a concentration, and relative water content (RWC). In contrast, deficit irrigation considerably increased the concentrations of carotenoids, proline, membrane permeability (MP) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Similarly, grain yield, most yield components and WUE were significantly depressed in drought-stressed plants. However, foliar-applied treatments particularly MLE+SA significantly increased growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, RWC and proline accumulation associated with a simultaneous decrease in MP and MDA concentration under full and deficit irrigation conditions. The application of MLE+SA markedly increased grain yield, yield components and WUE over control (spray tap water). Overall, the combined application of MLE and SA could be used for alleviating the adverse effects of growth, physiology, yield criteria and WUE in drought-stressed maize plants.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation decreased growth criteria, chlorophyll a and relative water content.
- Organ / stage
- vegetative stagee0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- all growth criteria, chlorophyll a concentration, and relative water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At vegetative stage, deficit irrigation significantly decreased all growth criteria, chlorophyll a concentration, and relative water content (RWC).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation increased carotenoids, proline, membrane permeability and malondialdehyde.
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- concentrations of carotenoids, proline, membrane permeability (MP) and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deficit irrigation considerably increased the concentrations of carotenoids, proline, membrane permeability (MP) and malondialdehyde (MDA)”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought depressed grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield, most yield components and WUE were significantly depressed in drought-stressed plants”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments, especially MLE+SA, increased growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and RWC under both irrigation regimes.
- Treatment
- foliar-applied treatments particularly MLE+SAe0
- Outcome
- growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, RWCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under full and deficit irrigation conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar-applied treatments particularly MLE+SA significantly increased growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, RWC and proline accumulation associated with a simultaneous decrease in MP and MDA concentration under full and deficit irrigation conditions”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments, especially MLE+SA, increased proline accumulation.
- Treatment
- foliar-applied treatments particularly MLE+SAe0
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar-applied treatments particularly MLE+SA significantly increased growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, RWC and proline accumulation associated with a simultaneous decrease in MP and MDA concentration under full and deficit irrigation conditions”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments, especially MLE+SA, decreased MP and MDA.
- Treatment
- foliar-applied treatments particularly MLE+SAe0
- Outcome
- MP and MDA concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar-applied treatments particularly MLE+SA significantly increased growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, RWC and proline accumulation associated with a simultaneous decrease in MP and MDA concentration under full and deficit irrigation conditions”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
MLE+SA increased grain yield, yield components and WUE over water spray.
- Treatment
- MLE+SAe0
- Outcome
- grain yield, yield components and WUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control (spray tap water)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of MLE+SA markedly increased grain yield, yield components and WUE over control (spray tap water).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined MLE and SA to alleviate drought effects on maize.
- Outcome
- combined application of MLE and SAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of MLE and SA could be used for alleviating the adverse effects of growth, physiology, yield criteria and WUE in drought-stressed maize plants”
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See all 155 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.