Abstract
Phenmedipham was registered for use at 1.1 to 1.7 kg ai/ha in 1970 and desmedipham at 1.1 to 1.4 kg ai/ha in 1974 for postemergence control of broadleaf weeds in sugarbeet. Phenmedipham was sold from 1970 through 1981 and desmedipham plus phenmedipham (1:1), as a premixed product, has been sold since 1982. Development of multiple applications of reduced rates began in 1972 primarily to reduce sugarbeet injury. The technique was promoted to farmers after 1976. Ahalf-rate of phenmedipham and/or desmedipham applied twice at a 5- to 7-d interval controlled weeds better and caused less sugarbeet injury than a single full-rate application, and allowed application to smaller than four-leaf sugarbeet. Suggested sugarbeet size for the first application changed from 4-leaf in 1970 to cotyledon to two-leaf in 1992. Earlier application to more susceptible small weeds allowed a further rate reduction. The use of soil-applied herbicides prior to phenmedipham and/or desmedipham increased weed control and sugarbeet injury. Application to small weeds and sugarbeet by air or by ground sprayers at spray pressures over 1040 kPa controlled weeds better and injured sugarbeet more than when applied by ground sprayers at 280 kPa. Desmedipham and phenmedipham rates presently are adjusted for sugarbeet size, application method, soil-applied herbicide, and environment. The suggested initial application rate of phenmedipham and/or desmedipham in 1992 was 0.13 to 0.28 kg/ha as compared with 1.1 to 1.7 kg/ha in 1970. A typical rate of desmedipham or desmedipham plus phenmedipham applied in 1992, including multiple application, was approximately 0.7 kg/ha less than typical rates from 1970 through 1977.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Two half-rate applications controlled weeds better than one full-rate application.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)
Beta vulgarist0 - Treatment
- Ahalf-rate of phenmedipham and/or desmedipham applied twice at a 5- to 7-d intervale0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- a single full-rate applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ahalf-rate of phenmedipham and/or desmedipham applied twice at a 5- to 7-d interval controlled weeds better and caused less sugarbeet injury than a single full-rate application”
t0“Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two half-rate applications caused less sugarbeet injury than one full-rate application.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Ahalf-rate of phenmedipham and/or desmedipham applied twice at a 5- to 7-d intervale0
- Outcome
- sugarbeet injurye0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- a single full-rate applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ahalf-rate of phenmedipham and/or desmedipham applied twice at a 5- to 7-d interval controlled weeds better and caused less sugarbeet injury than a single full-rate application”
t0“Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Half-rate repeat application allowed treatment of sugarbeet before the four-leaf stage.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)Beta vulgarist0
- Outcome
- allowed application to smaller than four-leaf sugarbeete0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and allowed application to smaller than four-leaf sugarbeet.”
t0“Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier application to smaller, more susceptible weeds allowed further rate reduction.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Earlier application to more susceptible small weedse0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- further rate reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Earlier application to more susceptible small weeds allowed a further rate reduction.”
t0“Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-applied herbicides increased weed control before phenmedipham or desmedipham.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- soil-applied herbicides prior to phenmedipham and/or desmediphame0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of soil-applied herbicides prior to phenmedipham and/or desmedipham increased weed control and sugarbeet injury.”
t0“Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-applied herbicides increased sugarbeet injury.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- soil-applied herbicides prior to phenmedipham and/or desmediphame0
- Outcome
- sugarbeet injurye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of soil-applied herbicides prior to phenmedipham and/or desmedipham increased weed control and sugarbeet injury.”
t0“Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Air application or ground spraying above 1040 kPa controlled weeds better than ground spraying at 280 kPa.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- by air or by ground sprayers at spray pressures over 1040 kPae0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- ground sprayers at 280 kPae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application to small weeds and sugarbeet by air or by ground sprayers at spray pressures over 1040 kPa controlled weeds better and injured sugarbeet more than when applied by ground sprayers at 280 kPa.”
t0“Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Air application or high-pressure ground spraying injured sugarbeet more than 280 kPa ground spraying.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)Beta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- by air or by ground sprayers at spray pressures over 1040 kPae0
- Outcome
- sugarbeete0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- ground sprayers at 280 kPae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application to small weeds and sugarbeet by air or by ground sprayers at spray pressures over 1040 kPa controlled weeds better and injured sugarbeet more than when applied by ground sprayers at 280 kPa.”
t0“Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Suggested initial herbicide rates fell from 1.1–1.7 kg/ha in 1970 to 0.13–0.28 kg/ha in 1992.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)Beta vulgarist0
- Outcome
- suggested initial application ratee0
- Value
- 0.13 to 0.28 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 1.1 to 1.7 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- 1970e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The suggested initial application rate of phenmedipham and/or desmedipham in 1992 was 0.13 to 0.28 kg/ha as compared with 1.1 to 1.7 kg/ha in 1970.”
t0“Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Typical 1992 herbicide rates were approximately 0.7 kg/ha below 1970–1977 rates.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)Beta vulgarist0
- Outcome
- typical ratee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 0.7 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- typical rates from 1970 through 1977e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A typical rate of desmedipham or desmedipham plus phenmedipham applied in 1992, including multiple application, was approximately 0.7 kg/ha less than typical rates from 1970 through 1977.”
t0“Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.