Abstract
Continued and widespread use of herbicides for controlling weeds and indirectly enhancing crop production often results in reduction in soil fertility and via food chain, human health. Realizing this threat, herbicide tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strains were isolated and identified. Of the total 40 bacterial strains, Bradyrhizobium sp. strain R5 and Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6 tolerated 3200 and 800 μg ml−1ofglyphosate and Quizalofop P ethyl, respectively. Bradyrhizobium sp. strain R5 and Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6 produced indoleacetic acid, exopolysaccharides, siderophores, ammonia and solubilized inorganic P even in the presence of herbicides. Scanning electron microscopic and CLSM images revealed a clear toxicity of herbicides to bacterial cells. The toxicity of herbicides to greengram plants increased with increasing rates of glyphosate and quizalofop. The herbicide tolerant Bradyrhizobium strain R5 and Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6 when used with herbicide, considerably reduced toxicity to greengram plants. For example, Bradyrhizobium strain R5 significantly increased the nodule number, nodule dry mass, root and shoot length, root and shoot weight and total chlorophyll content by 10, 33 3, 16, 68, 23 and 6% respectively, whereas, inoculation of Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6 enhanced the measured parameters by 2, 7, 3, 12, 25, 22 and 20%, respectively, as compared to the plants grown solely with 1444 μg kg-1 of glyphosate. Among the two bacterial strains, Bradyrhizobium R5 showed better results under identical herbicide stress as compared to the Pseudomonas PS6. In general, the present findings suggest that both Bradyrhizobium sp. strain R5 and Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6 could be exploited as an efficient microbial inoculant to increase the productivity of greengram while reducing the toxicity of glyphosate and quizalofop.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate and quizalofop toxicity to greengram rose with application rate.
- Taxon
- greengram
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiata var. radiatae0 - Treatment
- glyphosate and quizalofope0
- Outcome
- toxicity of herbicides to greengram plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The toxicity of herbicides to greengram plants increased with increasing rates of glyphosate and quizalofop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium R5 reduced herbicide toxicity to greengram.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0symbiont
- Outcome
- toxicity to greengram plantse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicide tolerant Bradyrhizobium strain R5 and Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6 when used with herbicide, considerably reduced toxicity to greengram plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas PS6 reduced herbicide toxicity to greengram.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6
Pseudomonas sp.e0symbiont - Outcome
- toxicity to greengram plantse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicide tolerant Bradyrhizobium strain R5 and Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6 when used with herbicide, considerably reduced toxicity to greengram plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium R5 increased greengram nodules under glyphosate.
- Taxon
- Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0symbiont
- Outcome
- nodule numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bradyrhizobium strain R5 significantly increased the nodule number, nodule dry mass, root and shoot length, root and shoot weight and total chlorophyll content by 10, 33 3, 16, 68, 23 and 6% respectively”
t0“Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium R5 increased greengram nodule dry mass under glyphosate.
- Taxon
- Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0symbiont
- Outcome
- nodule dry masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bradyrhizobium strain R5 significantly increased the nodule number, nodule dry mass, root and shoot length, root and shoot weight and total chlorophyll content by 10, 33 3, 16, 68, 23 and 6% respectively”
t0“Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium R5 increased greengram root and shoot length under glyphosate.
- Taxon
- Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0symbiont
- Outcome
- root and shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bradyrhizobium strain R5 significantly increased the nodule number, nodule dry mass, root and shoot length, root and shoot weight and total chlorophyll content by 10, 33 3, 16, 68, 23 and 6% respectively”
t0“Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium R5 increased greengram root and shoot weight under glyphosate.
- Taxon
- Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0symbiont
- Outcome
- root and shoot weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 68e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bradyrhizobium strain R5 significantly increased the nodule number, nodule dry mass, root and shoot length, root and shoot weight and total chlorophyll content by 10, 33 3, 16, 68, 23 and 6% respectively”
t0“Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium R5 increased greengram total chlorophyll under glyphosate.
- Taxon
- Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium strain R5e0symbiont
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bradyrhizobium strain R5 significantly increased the nodule number, nodule dry mass, root and shoot length, root and shoot weight and total chlorophyll content by 10, 33 3, 16, 68, 23 and 6% respectively”
t0“Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas PS6 enhanced measured greengram growth and chlorophyll parameters under glyphosate.
- Taxon
- Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- inoculation of Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6Pseudomonas sp.e0symbiont
- Outcome
- measured parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- plants grown solely with 1444 μg kg-1 of glyphosatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation of Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6 enhanced the measured parameters by 2, 7, 3, 12, 25, 22 and 20%, respectively, as compared to the plants grown solely with 1444 μg kg-1 of glyphosate.”
t0“Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium R5 performed better than Pseudomonas PS6 under identical herbicide stress.
- Taxon
- Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]Vigna radiatat0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium R5e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas PS6e0symbiont
- Outcome
- better resultse0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the two bacterial strains, Bradyrhizobium R5 showed better results under identical herbicide stress as compared to the Pseudomonas PS6.”
t0“Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose both strains as inoculants for greater greengram productivity and reduced herbicide toxicity.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium sp. strain R5
Bradyrhizobium sp.e0symbiont - Second interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6Pseudomonas sp.e0symbiont
- Outcome
- efficient microbial inoculant to increase the productivity of greengram while reducing the toxicity of glyphosate and quizalofope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both Bradyrhizobium sp. strain R5 and Pseudomonas sp. strain PS6 could be exploited as an efficient microbial inoculant to increase the productivity of greengram while reducing the toxicity of glyphosate and quizalofop.”
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