Abstract
Abstract Atmospheric CO 2 levels are rapidly increasing due to human activities. However, the effects of elevated CO 2 (ECO 2 ) on plant defense against insects and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that ECO 2 increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants, and the chewing lepidopteran insects Spodoptera litura and Mythimna separata gained less and more mass on tobacco and rice plants, respectively. Consistently, under ECO 2 , the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), the main phytohormone controlling plant defense against these lepidopteran insects, as well as the main defense‐related metabolites, were increased and decreased in insect‐damaged tobacco and rice plants. Importantly, bioassays and quantification of defense‐related metabolites in tobacco and rice silenced in JA biosynthesis and perception indicate that ECO 2 changes plant resistance mainly by affecting the JA pathway. We further demonstrate that the defensive metabolites, but not total N or protein, are the main factors contributing to the altered defense levels under ECO 2 . This study illustrates that ECO 2 changes the interplay between plants and insects, and we propose that crops should be studied for their resistance to the major pests under ECO 2 to predict the impact of ECO 2 on future agroecosystems.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased the photosynthetic rate and biomass of tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- ECO 2e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rates and the biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ECO 2 increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased the photosynthetic rate and biomass of rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- ECO 2e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rates and the biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ECO 2 increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Spodoptera litura gained less mass on tobacco under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume1
- Treatment
- ECO 2e0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera litura
Spodoptera liturae1pest - Outcome
- gained lesse1
- Direction
- lesse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ECO 2 increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants”
e1“the chewing lepidopteran insects Spodoptera litura and Mythimna separata gained less and more mass on tobacco and rice plants, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mythimna separata gained more mass on rice under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ECO 2e0
- Interactor
- Mythimna separata
Mythimna separatae1pest - Outcome
- more masse1
- Direction
- moree1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ECO 2 increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants”
e1“the chewing lepidopteran insects Spodoptera litura and Mythimna separata gained less and more mass on tobacco and rice plants, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2, jasmonic acid levels increased in insect-damaged tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume2
- Treatment
- ECO 2e0
- Outcome
- levels of jasmonic acid (JA)e2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ECO 2 increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants”
e2“the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), the main phytohormone controlling plant defense against these lepidopteran insects, as well as the main defense‐related metabolites, were increased and decreased in insect‐damaged tobacco and rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2, jasmonic acid levels increased in insect-damaged rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- ECO 2e0
- Outcome
- levels of jasmonic acid (JA)e2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ECO 2 increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants”
e2“the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), the main phytohormone controlling plant defense against these lepidopteran insects, as well as the main defense‐related metabolites, were increased and decreased in insect‐damaged tobacco and rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2, main defense-related metabolites decreased in insect-damaged tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume2
- Treatment
- ECO 2e0
- Outcome
- main defense‐related metabolitese2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ECO 2 increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants”
e2“the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), the main phytohormone controlling plant defense against these lepidopteran insects, as well as the main defense‐related metabolites, were increased and decreased in insect‐damaged tobacco and rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under elevated CO2, main defense-related metabolites decreased in insect-damaged rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- ECO 2e0
- Outcome
- main defense‐related metabolitese2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ECO 2 increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants”
e2“the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), the main phytohormone controlling plant defense against these lepidopteran insects, as well as the main defense‐related metabolites, were increased and decreased in insect‐damaged tobacco and rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 changes tobacco resistance mainly by affecting the JA pathway.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume3
- Compound
- JAe3
- Outcome
- plant resistancee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“bioassays and quantification of defense‐related metabolites in tobacco and rice silenced in JA biosynthesis and perception indicate that ECO 2 changes plant resistance mainly by affecting the JA pathway”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 changes rice resistance mainly by affecting the JA pathway.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Compound
- JAe3
- Outcome
- plant resistancee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“bioassays and quantification of defense‐related metabolites in tobacco and rice silenced in JA biosynthesis and perception indicate that ECO 2 changes plant resistance mainly by affecting the JA pathway”
Claim · model-written summary
In tobacco, defensive metabolites, but not total N or protein, are the main factors behind altered defense levels under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume3
- Compound
- defensive metabolitese4
- Outcome
- altered defense levelse4
- Qualifier
- but not total N or proteine4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“bioassays and quantification of defense‐related metabolites in tobacco and rice silenced in JA biosynthesis and perception indicate that ECO 2 changes plant resistance mainly by affecting the JA pathway”
e4“the defensive metabolites, but not total N or protein, are the main factors contributing to the altered defense levels under ECO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
In rice, defensive metabolites, but not total N or protein, are the main factors behind altered defense levels under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Compound
- defensive metabolitese4
- Outcome
- altered defense levelse4
- Qualifier
- but not total N or proteine4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“bioassays and quantification of defense‐related metabolites in tobacco and rice silenced in JA biosynthesis and perception indicate that ECO 2 changes plant resistance mainly by affecting the JA pathway”
e4“the defensive metabolites, but not total N or protein, are the main factors contributing to the altered defense levels under ECO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Crops should be studied for their resistance to the major pests under elevated CO2.
Verbatim
e5“we propose that crops should be studied for their resistance to the major pests under ECO 2”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · physiology: photosynthesis · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
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- negative
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3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
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See all 7 papers →co2 · physiology: photosynthesis · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- no effect
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See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.