Abstract
The phytohormones are important in plant adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses by facilitating a wide range of adaptive responses. Application of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) as GA 3 inhibitors have been shown to affect salinity tolerance through modulating phytohormones. The aim of this study was to find out the potential objectives for GA 3 and PBZ as affected by salinity through altering the phytohormones and biochemical parameters in sweet sorghum. Following seed germination, seedlings were cultured in Hoagland nutrient solution containing NaCl supplemented with GA 3 and PBZ for 12 days. The results were analyzed by principal component analysis to identify the best target(s) for salinity, GA 3 , and PBZ in sweet sorghum. Paclobutrazol associated with salt improved root/shoot length, carotenoid, and total chlorophyll by modulating cytokinin (CK)/GA 3 , indole acetic acid (IAA)/GA 3 , and total polyamines/GA 3 ratios. Gibberellic acid-treated plants not exposed to salinity treatments notably improved phytohormones content such as cytokinin, auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), and polyamines resulting in increased stem growth. Moreover, the main objectives of GA 3 were ABA, spermidine, and ABA/GA 3 ratio in response to salinity. Though GA 3 and PBZ have different roles against salt stress, ABA/GA 3 ratio was a similar target of GA 3 and PBZ. This work suggests that altered levels of GA 3 resulting from PBZ- and GA 3 -treated plants cause different allocation patterns in sweet sorghum by regulation of CK/GA 3 , IAA/GA 3 , and total polyamines/GA 3 ratio. Also, accumulation chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids, and water soluble carbohydrates of sorghum plants under salinity regulated by total polyamines/GA 3 and ABA/GA 3 ratios positively correlated with PBZ application.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ with salt improved root and shoot length.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghumt0
- Material
- Sofrat0
- Treatment
- Paclobutrazol associated with salte0
- Outcome
- root/shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Paclobutrazol associated with salt improved root/shoot length, carotenoid, and total chlorophyll”
t0“sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench cv. Sofra)”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ with salt improved carotenoid and total chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghumt0
- Material
- Sofrat0
- Treatment
- Paclobutrazol associated with salte0
- Outcome
- carotenoid, and total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Paclobutrazol associated with salt improved root/shoot length, carotenoid, and total chlorophyll”
t0“sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench cv. Sofra)”
Claim · model-written summary
In nonsaline plants GA 3 increased cytokinin, auxin, ABA, and polyamines content.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghumt0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic acide0
- Outcome
- cytokinin, auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), and polyaminese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- not exposed to salinity treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Gibberellic acid-treated plants not exposed to salinity treatments notably improved phytohormones content such as cytokinin, auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), and polyamines”
t0“sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench cv. Sofra)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 treatment without salt increased stem growth.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghumt0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic acide0
- Outcome
- stem growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- not exposed to salinity treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Gibberellic acid-treated plants not exposed to salinity treatments notably improved phytohormones content such as cytokinin, auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), and polyamines resulting in increased stem growth.”
t0“sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench cv. Sofra)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity the main GA 3 response targets were ABA, spermidine, and the ABA/GA 3 ratio.
Verbatim
e0“the main objectives of GA 3 were ABA, spermidine, and ABA/GA 3 ratio in response to salinity.”
t0“sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench cv. Sofra)”
Claim · model-written summary
The ABA/GA 3 ratio was a shared target of GA 3 and PBZ against salt stress.
Verbatim
e0“ABA/GA 3 ratio was a similar target of GA 3 and PBZ.”
t0“sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench cv. Sofra)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest GA 3 changes from PBZ and GA 3 treatments cause different allocation patterns through hormone ratios.
Verbatim
e0“altered levels of GA 3 resulting from PBZ- and GA 3 -treated plants cause different allocation patterns in sweet sorghum by regulation of CK/GA 3 , IAA/GA 3 , and total polyamines/GA 3 ratio.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, accumulation of chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids and soluble carbohydrates was positively correlated with PBZ application.
- Treatment
- PBZ applicatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids, and water soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- under salinitye0
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“accumulation chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids, and water soluble carbohydrates of sorghum plants under salinity regulated by total polyamines/GA 3 and ABA/GA 3 ratios positively correlated with PBZ application.”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · growth · SorghumResults differ
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
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See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.