Abstract
The development of endosperm-degrading enzymes and their patterns of release from the aleurone to the starchy endosperm were studied in mainly Klages barley. Enzyme development in the scutellum of the embryo was associated with aleurone contamination. The aleurone layers of excised endosperms produced α-amylase in the absence of growing embryos, suggesting that aleurone-free scutellar tissue of barley does not have the potential to synthesize and secrete significant levels of endosperm-degrading enzymes into the starchy endosperm of germinated barley. Spray steeping, in contrast to multiple steeping, reduced endosperm breakdown and increased β-D-glucan release and extract viscosity. Spray steeping also depressed the development of α-amylase, endo-β-1,3:1,4-glucanase, and pentosanase but encouraged development of endo-β-1,3-glucanase. Gibberellic acid was essential for optimal enzyme development and release. Even in the presence of gibberellic acid, however, a significant quantity of pentosanase was retained in the aleurone. Although spray steeping depressed the malting potential of Klages, preliminary studies showed that it encouraged the malting performances of Conquest and Bonanza barleys. Steeping methods determine malt quality by promoting optimal enzyme development and secretion into, and uniform hydration of, the starchy endosperm.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Enzyme development in the scutellum of the embryo was associated with aleurone contamination.
- Taxon
- barley
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Hordeum vulgaree0 - Organ / stage
- scutellum of the embryoe1
- Treatment
- aleurone contaminatione1
- Outcome
- Enzyme developmente1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“were studied in mainly Klages barley”
e1“Enzyme development in the scutellum of the embryo was associated with aleurone contamination”
Claim · model-written summary
Aleurone layers of excised endosperms produced alpha-amylase in the absence of growing embryos.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- aleurone layers of excised endospermse2
- Treatment
- absence of growing embryose2
- Gene
- α-amylasee2
- Outcome
- produced α-amylasee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were studied in mainly Klages barley”
e2“The aleurone layers of excised endosperms produced α-amylase in the absence of growing embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
Aleurone-free scutellar tissue of barley appears not to have the potential to synthesize and secrete significant levels of endosperm-degrading enzymes into the starchy endosperm.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree3
- Organ / stage
- aleurone-free scutellar tissuee3
- Outcome
- synthesize and secrete significant levels of endosperm-degrading enzymese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“aleurone-free scutellar tissue of barley does not have the potential to synthesize and secrete significant levels of endosperm-degrading enzymes into the starchy endosperm of germinated barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray steeping reduced endosperm breakdown relative to multiple steeping.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Spray steepinge4
- Outcome
- endosperm breakdowne4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- multiple steepinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were studied in mainly Klages barley”
e4“Spray steeping, in contrast to multiple steeping, reduced endosperm breakdown and increased β-D-glucan release and extract viscosity”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray steeping increased beta-D-glucan release and extract viscosity relative to multiple steeping.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Spray steepinge4
- Outcome
- β-D-glucan release and extract viscositye4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- multiple steepinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were studied in mainly Klages barley”
e4“Spray steeping, in contrast to multiple steeping, reduced endosperm breakdown and increased β-D-glucan release and extract viscosity”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray steeping depressed the development of alpha-amylase, endo-beta-1,3:1,4-glucanase and pentosanase relative to multiple steeping.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Spray steepinge5
- Gene
- α-amylase, endo-β-1,3:1,4-glucanase, and pentosanasee5
- Outcome
- development of α-amylase, endo-β-1,3:1,4-glucanase, and pentosanasee5
- Direction
- depressede5
- Comparator
- multiple steepinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were studied in mainly Klages barley”
e4“Spray steeping, in contrast to multiple steeping, reduced endosperm breakdown and increased β-D-glucan release and extract viscosity”
e5“Spray steeping also depressed the development of α-amylase, endo-β-1,3:1,4-glucanase, and pentosanase but encouraged development of endo-β-1,3-glucanase”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray steeping encouraged development of endo-beta-1,3-glucanase relative to multiple steeping.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Spray steepinge5
- Gene
- endo-β-1,3-glucanasee5
- Outcome
- development of endo-β-1,3-glucanasee5
- Direction
- encouragede5
- Comparator
- multiple steepinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were studied in mainly Klages barley”
e4“Spray steeping, in contrast to multiple steeping, reduced endosperm breakdown and increased β-D-glucan release and extract viscosity”
e5“Spray steeping also depressed the development of α-amylase, endo-β-1,3:1,4-glucanase, and pentosanase but encouraged development of endo-β-1,3-glucanase”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid was essential for optimal enzyme development and release.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic acide6
- Outcome
- optimal enzyme development and releasee6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were studied in mainly Klages barley”
e6“Gibberellic acid was essential for optimal enzyme development and release”
Claim · model-written summary
A significant quantity of pentosanase was retained in the aleurone even in the presence of gibberellic acid.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- aleuronee7
- Treatment
- presence of gibberellic acide7
- Gene
- pentosanasee7
- Outcome
- was retained in the aleuronee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were studied in mainly Klages barley”
e7“Even in the presence of gibberellic acid, however, a significant quantity of pentosanase was retained in the aleurone”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray steeping depressed the malting potential of Klages barley relative to multiple steeping.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Material
- Klagese5
- Treatment
- Spray steepinge5
- Outcome
- malting potentiale5
- Direction
- depressede5
- Comparator
- multiple steepinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were studied in mainly Klages barley”
e4“Spray steeping, in contrast to multiple steeping, reduced endosperm breakdown and increased β-D-glucan release and extract viscosity”
e5“Although spray steeping depressed the malting potential of Klages”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray steeping encouraged the malting performances of Conquest and Bonanza barley relative to multiple steeping.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Material
- Conquest and Bonanzae6
- Treatment
- Spray steepinge5
- Outcome
- malting performancese6
- Direction
- encouragede6
- Comparator
- multiple steepinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were studied in mainly Klages barley”
e4“Spray steeping, in contrast to multiple steeping, reduced endosperm breakdown and increased β-D-glucan release and extract viscosity”
e5“Although spray steeping depressed the malting potential of Klages”
e6“preliminary studies showed that it encouraged the malting performances of Conquest and Bonanza barleys”
Claim · model-written summary
Steeping methods determine malt quality by promoting optimal enzyme development and secretion into, and uniform hydration of, the starchy endosperm.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Steeping methodse1
- Outcome
- malt qualitye1
- Qualifier
- promoting optimal enzyme development and secretion into, and uniform hydration of, the starchy endosperme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were studied in mainly Klages barley”
e1“Steeping methods determine malt quality by promoting optimal enzyme development and secretion into, and uniform hydration of, the starchy endosperm”
The same questions in other papers
application · growth · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
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