Abstract
The frequency and intensity of water deficits is expected to increase because of global warming. Drought stress is often one of the most limiting factors for plant growth. We conducted greenhouse pot experiments to address how dopamine affects the drought-resistance traits of apple trees at the physiological and molecular levels. Our factorial design consisted of dopamine and no-dopamine applications combined with well-watered and moderate-drought conditions. Seedling biomass, photosynthesis rates, chlorophyll concentrations, and stomatal apertures were markedly reduced under stress but dopamine treatment mitigated the inhibiting effects of drought on plant growth and helped maintain strong photosynthesis, chlorophyll levels, and stomatal functioning. Concentrations of most macro-, micro-, and trace elements decreased in response to drought. This stress also diminished the uptake and transport of elements in the leaves and stems, but increased the partitioning of elements in the roots. Nutrient resorption proficiency (NuRP) decreased while nutrient resorption efficiency (NuRE) increased for most analyzed elements. Exogenous dopamine significantly increased the concentrations, uptake, and transport of nutrients under drought stress, and also altered their distribution within the whole plant. However, this molecule had a negative effect on nutrient resorption. Although transcript levels of a key chlorophyll degradation gene, pheide a oxygenase (PAO), and senescence-associate gene 12 (SAG 12) were elevated upon drought treatment, dopamine significantly suppressed the upregulation of those genes under such stress conditions. These observations indicate that dopamine has an important anti-senescence effect that might be helpful for regulating nutrient uptake, transport, and resorption, and ultimately influencing overall plant growth. Thus, understanding the role of dopamine in drought tolerance introduces new possibilities to use this compound for agricultural purposes.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced apple seedling biomass, photosynthesis, chlorophyll and stomatal apertures.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- stresse0
- Outcome
- Seedling biomass, photosynthesis rates, chlorophyll concentrations, and stomatal aperturese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling biomass, photosynthesis rates, chlorophyll concentrations, and stomatal apertures were markedly reduced under stress”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Dopamine mitigated drought inhibition of apple growth.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- dopamine treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dopamine treatment mitigated the inhibiting effects of drought on plant growth”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Dopamine helped maintain apple photosynthesis, chlorophyll and stomatal functioning under drought.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous Dopaminet0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis, chlorophyll levels, and stomatal functioninge0
- Direction
- maintaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“helped maintain strong photosynthesis, chlorophyll levels, and stomatal functioning”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased concentrations of most measured elements.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of most macro-, micro-, and trace elementse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of most macro-, micro-, and trace elements decreased in response to drought.”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought diminished nutrient uptake and transport in leaves and stems.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and stemse0
- Treatment
- Moderate Droughtt0
- Outcome
- uptake and transport of elementse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This stress also diminished the uptake and transport of elements in the leaves and stems”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased element partitioning in roots.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Moderate Droughtt0
- Outcome
- partitioning of elementse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but increased the partitioning of elements in the roots”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient resorption proficiency decreased under drought.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Moderate Droughtt0
- Outcome
- Nutrient resorption proficiency (NuRP)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient resorption proficiency (NuRP) decreased”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient resorption efficiency increased under drought for most elements.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Moderate Droughtt0
- Outcome
- nutrient resorption efficiency (NuRE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- most analyzed elementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutrient resorption efficiency (NuRE) increased for most analyzed elements”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Dopamine significantly increased nutrient concentrations, uptake and transport under drought.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous dopaminee0
- Outcome
- concentrations, uptake, and transport of nutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous dopamine significantly increased the concentrations, uptake, and transport of nutrients under drought stress”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Dopamine altered whole-plant nutrient distribution.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous Dopaminet0
- Outcome
- distribution within the whole plante0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“also altered their distribution within the whole plant”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Dopamine negatively affected nutrient resorption.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous Dopaminet0
- Outcome
- nutrient resorptione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this molecule had a negative effect on nutrient resorption”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought elevated PAO transcript levels.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- drought treatmente0
- Gene
- pheide a oxygenase (PAO)e0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcript levels of a key chlorophyll degradation gene, pheide a oxygenase (PAO), and senescence-associate gene 12 (SAG 12) were elevated upon drought treatment”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought elevated SAG 12 transcript levels.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- drought treatmente0
- Gene
- senescence-associate gene 12 (SAG 12)e0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcript levels of a key chlorophyll degradation gene, pheide a oxygenase (PAO), and senescence-associate gene 12 (SAG 12) were elevated upon drought treatment”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Dopamine suppressed drought-induced upregulation of PAO and SAG 12.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- dopaminee0
- Outcome
- upregulation of those genese0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dopamine significantly suppressed the upregulation of those genes under such stress conditions”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer an anti-senescence effect of dopamine.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- dopaminee0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake, transport, and resorptione0
- Qualifier
- anti-senescence effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dopamine has an important anti-senescence effect that might be helpful for regulating nutrient uptake, transport, and resorption”
t0“Effects of Exogenous Dopamine on the Uptake, Transport, and Resorption of Apple Ionome Under Moderate Drought”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.