Abstract
Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to examine the seedling vigor of sod-sown alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Seedlings grown in tilled soil had more dry matter, were taller, and had longer internodes than seedlings in sod. Node number and plant density were reduced in some experiments. Seedling vigor was not hindered by physical impairment of seed germination, inadequate soil fertility, weed or sod competition, soil moisture, herbicide injury, or predators. Time interval between tillage of sod and planting date affected seedling vigor. Seedlings growing in sod tilled the previous fall had higher yields than those sown in freshly tilled sod or in sod itself. At a second seeding, six weeks later, seedlings sown in sod tilled that spring were comparable to those in sod tilled the previous fall, while sod-sown seedlings continued to be inhibited. Seedlings sown in August following tillage 115 days before seeding had higher yields than those sown in sod or in sod tilled 62 days before seeding. A water soluble toxin was found in ground dry sod collected from the field. Solutions of two salts (KCl or NaCl) with comparable electrical conductivities did not inhibit alfalfa seedlings germinating in petri dishes. Under greenhouse conditions, ground sod incorporated into field soil at 5 or 10% (w/w) inhibited alfalfa seedling yield and reduced leaf area, compared to those sown in unamended field soil. Increased watering level accentuated this effect, indicating that anaerobic conditions may favor inhibition. Cores of sod evolved 8-10 times more ethylene over 12 days, compared with tilled soil. Alfalfa seedlings exposed to 6.6 mPa ethylene continuously for 14 days were shorter, had smaller yields, and had less leaf area than those exposed to air. The appearance was vey similar to damage incurred by sod-sown seedlings in the field or greenhouse. Ethylene may be one of many potential toxins in decaying sod which inhibits alfalfa seedlings. Other toxins may be released and/or produced by the decaying sod. They appear to be present in killed sod, dissipate over time, and their disappearance is accelerated by tillage.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlings in tilled soil had more dry matter, height, and internode length than sod seedlings.
- Taxon
- ALFALFA
Medicago sativat0 - Treatment
- tilled soile0
- Outcome
- dry matter, were taller, and had longer internodese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- seedlings in sode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings grown in tilled soil had more dry matter, were taller, and had longer internodes than seedlings in sod.”
t0“ALFALFA SEEDLING”
Claim · model-written summary
Node number and plant density declined in some experiments.
- Taxon
- ALFALFAMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- Node number and plant densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- some experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Node number and plant density were reduced in some experiments.”
t0“ALFALFA SEEDLING”
Claim · model-written summary
Previous-fall sod tillage increased seedling yields over fresh tillage or sod.
- Taxon
- ALFALFAMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- sod tilled the previous falle0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- freshly tilled sod or in sod itselfe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings growing in sod tilled the previous fall had higher yields than those sown in freshly tilled sod or in sod itself.”
t0“ALFALFA SEEDLING”
Claim · model-written summary
At a second seeding, spring-tilled sod performed comparably to fall-tilled sod.
- Taxon
- ALFALFAMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- sod tilled that springe0
- Outcome
- seedlingse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- sod tilled the previous falle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At a second seeding, six weeks later, seedlings sown in sod tilled that spring were comparable to those in sod tilled the previous fall, while sod-sown seedlings continued to be inhibited.”
t0“ALFALFA SEEDLING”
Claim · model-written summary
Sod-sown seedlings remained inhibited at the second seeding.
- Taxon
- ALFALFAMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- sod-sown seedlingse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while sod-sown seedlings continued to be inhibited.”
t0“ALFALFA SEEDLING”
Claim · model-written summary
August seedlings after tillage 115 days earlier yielded more than sod or 62-day tillage seedlings.
- Taxon
- ALFALFAMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- tillage 115 days before seedinge0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- sod or in sod tilled 62 days before seedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings sown in August following tillage 115 days before seeding had higher yields than those sown in sod or in sod tilled 62 days before seeding.”
t0“ALFALFA SEEDLING”
Claim · model-written summary
A water-soluble toxin was detected in field-collected dry sod.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“A water soluble toxin was found in ground dry sod collected from the field.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conductivity-matched KCl or NaCl did not inhibit alfalfa germination.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- KCle0
- Outcome
- alfalfa seedlings germinatinge0
- Direction
- did not inhibite0
- Comparator
- comparable electrical conductivitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Solutions of two salts (KCl or NaCl) with comparable electrical conductivities did not inhibit alfalfa seedlings germinating in petri dishes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conductivity-matched NaCl did not inhibit alfalfa germination.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- alfalfa seedlings germinatinge0
- Direction
- did not inhibite0
- Comparator
- comparable electrical conductivitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Solutions of two salts (KCl or NaCl) with comparable electrical conductivities did not inhibit alfalfa seedlings germinating in petri dishes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ground sod at 5% in soil inhibited seedling yield and leaf area.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- ground sod incorporated into field soil at 5e0
- Outcome
- seedling yield and reduced leaf areae0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- unamended field soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ground sod incorporated into field soil at 5 or 10% (w/w) inhibited alfalfa seedling yield and reduced leaf area, compared to those sown in unamended field soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ground sod at 10% in soil inhibited seedling yield and leaf area.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- 10% (w/w)e0
- Outcome
- seedling yield and reduced leaf areae0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- unamended field soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ground sod incorporated into field soil at 5 or 10% (w/w) inhibited alfalfa seedling yield and reduced leaf area, compared to those sown in unamended field soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater watering intensified sod-associated inhibition.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- Increased watering levele0
- Outcome
- seedling yield and reduced leaf areae1
- Direction
- accentuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased watering level accentuated this effect, indicating that anaerobic conditions may favor inhibition.”
e1“inhibited alfalfa seedling yield and reduced leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
Sod cores released 8-10 times more ethylene than tilled soil over 12 days.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Cores of sod evolved 8-10 times more ethylene over 12 days, compared with tilled soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous ethylene exposure reduced alfalfa height, yield, and leaf area relative to air.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- 6.6 mPa ethylene continuously for 14 dayse0
- Outcome
- shorter, had smaller yields, and had less leaf areae0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- aire0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alfalfa seedlings exposed to 6.6 mPa ethylene continuously for 14 days were shorter, had smaller yields, and had less leaf area than those exposed to air.”
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