Abstract
Greater crop losses can result from simultaneous exposure to a combination of drought, heat and salinity in the field. Salicylic acid (SA), a phenolic phytohormone, can affect a range of physiological and biochemical processes in plants and significantly impacts their resistance to these abiotic stresses. Despite numerous reports involving the positive effects of SA by applying each abiotic stress separately, the mechanism of SA-mediated adaptation to combined stresses remains elusive. This study, via a time-course analysis, investigated the role of SA on the roots of hulled and hulless (naked) barley (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Tarm' and 'Özen', respectively), which differed in salt tolerance, under the combined stress of drought, heat and salt. The combined stress caused marked reductions in root length and increases in proline content in both genotypes; however, Tarm exhibited better adaptation to the triple stress. Under the first 24 h of stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC.1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (POX; EC.1.11.1.7) activity in the Tarm roots increased remarkably, while decreasing in the Özen roots. Furthermore, the Tarm roots showed higher catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) activity than the Özen during the combined stresses. The sensitivity of hulless barley roots may be related to decreasing SOD, POX, CAT and GR activity under stress. Over 72 h of stress, the SA pretreatment improved the APX and GR activity in Tarm and that of POX and CAT in Özen, demonstrating that exogenously applied SA regulates antioxidant defense enzymes in order to detoxify reactive oxygen species. The results of this study suggest that SA treatment may improve the triple-stress combination tolerance in hulled and hulless barley cultivars by increasing the level of antioxidant enzyme activity and promoting the accumulation of proline. Thus, SA alleviated the damaging effects of the triple stress by improving the antioxidant system, although these effects differed depending on characteristic of the hull of the grain.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress reduced barley root length in both genotypes.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The combined stress caused marked reductions in root length and increases in proline content in both genotypes”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress increased proline content in both barley genotypes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined stress caused marked reductions in root length and increases in proline content in both genotypes”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Tarm adapted better to triple stress than Özen.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- Tarme0
- Outcome
- adaptation to the triple stresse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- Özene1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tarm exhibited better adaptation to the triple stress”
e1“Hordeum vulgare L. 'Tarm' and 'Özen', respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In the first 24 h, Tarm root SOD and POX activity increased.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Tarme0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC.1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (POX; EC.1.11.1.7) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- first 24 h of stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the first 24 h of stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC.1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (POX; EC.1.11.1.7) activity in the Tarm roots increased remarkably”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
In the first 24 h, Özen root SOD and POX activity decreased.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Özene0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC.1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (POX; EC.1.11.1.7) activitye0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the first 24 h of stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC.1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (POX; EC.1.11.1.7) activity in the Tarm roots increased remarkably, while decreasing in the Özen roots”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Tarm roots had higher CAT, APX and GR activity than Özen under combined stress.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Tarme0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Özene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Tarm roots showed higher catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) activity than the Özen during the combined stresses”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid pretreatment improved APX and GR activity in Tarm over 72 h of stress.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Tarme0
- Treatment
- SA pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- APX and GR activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over 72 h of stress, the SA pretreatment improved the APX and GR activity in Tarm”
t0“salicylic acid effects on ROS regulation and antioxidant defense in roots of hulled and hulless barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid pretreatment improved POX and CAT activity in Özen over 72 h of stress.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Özene0
- Treatment
- SA pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- POX and CATe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over 72 h of stress, the SA pretreatment improved the APX and GR activity in Tarm and that of POX and CAT in Özen”
t0“salicylic acid effects on ROS regulation and antioxidant defense in roots of hulled and hulless barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid was interpreted to alleviate triple-stress damage by improving antioxidant activity and proline accumulation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- damaging effects of the triple stresse0
- Qualifier
- improving the antioxidant systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA alleviated the damaging effects of the triple stress by improving the antioxidant system”
e1“by increasing the level of antioxidant enzyme activity and promoting the accumulation of proline”
t0“barley”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.