Abstract
Ca2+ deficiency in soil induces early embryo abortion in peanut, producing empty pods, or ill-filled pods, especially under drought condition, which is a general problem. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, embryo abortion was characterized to be caused by apoptosis marked with cell wall degradation. Using a method of SSH cDNA libraries associated with library lift (SSHaLL), 62 differentially expressed genes were isolated from young peanut embryos, which were classified to be stress responses, catabolic process, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, embryo morphogenesis, and regulation. The cell retardation with cell wall degradation was caused by up-regulated cell wall hydrolases and down-regulated cellular synthases genes. Two CYP707A4 genes, encoding abscisic acid (ABA) 8’-hydroxylases, key enzymes for ABA catabolism, were up-regulated by 21-fold under Ca2+-deficient conditions, reducing the ABA level in early embryos. Over-expression of AhCYP707A4 in Nicotiana benthamiana showed a phenotype of low ABA content with high numbers of aborted embryos, small pods and less seeds, which confirms that CYP707A4 is a key player in regulation of Ca2+ deficiency-induced embryo abortion via ABA-mediated apoptosis. The results elucidated the mechanism of low Ca2+-induced embryo abortion. A set of varieties with different sizes of pods were evaluated for their tolerance to calcium stress, and we found that big pod varieties showed less tolerance to low calcium and more easy to produce ill-filled pods or empty pods. Drought will make worse of the phenomenon. Soil supplied with rich calcium will improve the pods filling and greatly reduce number of empty pods. We conclude big-pod varieties easier to produce empty pods are also associated with calcium level in the soil.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Peanut embryo abortion was characterized by apoptosis and cell wall degradation.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae1 - Outcome
- embryo abortione0
- Qualifier
- apoptosis marked with cell wall degradatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“embryo abortion was characterized to be caused by apoptosis marked with cell wall degradation”
e1“young peanut embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
Sixty-two differentially expressed genes were isolated from peanut embryos.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Organ / stage
- young peanut embryose0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Value
- 62e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“62 differentially expressed genes were isolated from young peanut embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell retardation and wall degradation were attributed to opposing changes in wall hydrolase and synthase genes.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Gene
- cell wall hydrolasese0
- Outcome
- cell retardation with cell wall degradatione0
- Qualifier
- down-regulated cellular synthases genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cell retardation with cell wall degradation was caused by up-regulated cell wall hydrolases and down-regulated cellular synthases genes”
e1“young peanut embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
Two CYP707A4 genes were up-regulated 21-fold under calcium deficiency.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- Ca2+-deficient conditionse0
- Gene
- CYP707A4 genese0
- Outcome
- CYP707A4 genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Value
- 21-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two CYP707A4 genes, encoding abscisic acid (ABA) 8’-hydroxylases, key enzymes for ABA catabolism, were up-regulated by 21-fold under Ca2+-deficient conditions”
e1“young peanut embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
CYP707A4 up-regulation reduced ABA in early embryos.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae2
- Gene
- CYP707A4 genese1
- Outcome
- ABA level in early embryose0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing the ABA level in early embryos”
e1“Two CYP707A4 genes”
e2“young peanut embryos”
Claim · model-written summary
AhCYP707A4 overexpression lowered ABA content in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Treatment
- Over-expression of AhCYP707A4e0
- Gene
- AhCYP707A4e0
- Outcome
- ABA contente0
- Direction
- lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over-expression of AhCYP707A4 in Nicotiana benthamiana showed a phenotype of low ABA content with high numbers of aborted embryos, small pods and less seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
AhCYP707A4 overexpression increased aborted embryos in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- Over-expression of AhCYP707A4e0
- Gene
- AhCYP707A4e0
- Outcome
- aborted embryose0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over-expression of AhCYP707A4 in Nicotiana benthamiana showed a phenotype of low ABA content with high numbers of aborted embryos, small pods and less seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
AhCYP707A4 overexpression produced small pods and fewer seeds.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- Over-expression of AhCYP707A4e0
- Gene
- AhCYP707A4e0
- Outcome
- small pods and less seedse0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over-expression of AhCYP707A4 in Nicotiana benthamiana showed a phenotype of low ABA content with high numbers of aborted embryos, small pods and less seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Big-pod peanut varieties were less tolerant to low calcium.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Material
- big pod varietiese0
- Outcome
- tolerance to low calciume0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“big pod varieties showed less tolerance to low calcium”
e1“early embryo abortion in peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Big-pod peanut varieties more readily produced ill-filled or empty pods.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Material
- big pod varietiese0
- Outcome
- ill-filled pods or empty podse0
- Direction
- more easye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“big pod varieties showed less tolerance to low calcium and more easy to produce ill-filled pods or empty pods”
e1“early embryo abortion in peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought worsened the empty-pod phenomenon.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- empty podse1
- Direction
- worsee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought will make worse of the phenomenon”
e1“early embryo abortion in peanut, producing empty pods, or ill-filled pods”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium-rich soil improved pod filling.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- Soil supplied with rich calciume0
- Outcome
- pods fillinge0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil supplied with rich calcium will improve the pods filling and greatly reduce number of empty pods”
e1“early embryo abortion in peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium-rich soil greatly reduced empty pods.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- Soil supplied with rich calciume0
- Outcome
- number of empty podse0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil supplied with rich calcium will improve the pods filling and greatly reduce number of empty pods”
e1“early embryo abortion in peanut”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · yield · Arachis hypogaea (peanut)Results differ
67 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
70 papers more in this group
See all 74 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.