Abstract
N fertilizers and high yielding varieties were major drivers of the enormous increase in rice productivity during the past 50 years. Despite increasing food production higher nitrogen use also contributed in environmental pollution and Increasing consciousness of conservation of environment and mitigation of climate change brought a major shift in cultivation practices of major crops towards organic agriculture. An important issue regarding the acceptance of organic agriculture is the question of productivity. In addition to readily available ammonium and nitrate ions, the soil of organic agriculture can contain a wide range of organic nitrogen compounds such as peptides, proteins, free amino acids, amino sugars and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. The root system architecture (RSA) features are of utmost importance for increasing nitrogen use efficiency of future climate-resilient varieties. From a fundamental point of view, the influence of nitrogen on root development is still poorly understood. Modulating root architecture is a strategy that aims at developing crops that capture nutrients more efficiently and are thus suitable for sustainable agriculture with fewer fertilizer inputs. Our experiment aimed to study the responses of IR-28 root system architecture to the availability of different forms of nitrogen, including organic at seedling stage, so that we can understand up to what extent our current rice varieties, which are exclusively breed for intensive agriculture, are suitable for organic agriculture. From the experimental results it was indicated that root parameters viz. seminal root length was significantly reduced due to the availability of nitrogen in nitrate and ammonia while increased with organic N. Main root angle was significantly increased with increasing N concentration and it became more steeper under the deficiency of N. Straightness of main root does not affected by the availability of N while the sources of nitrogen had significant effect and maximum straightness observed in organic N treated plant while minimum in ammonium treated. Lateral root number was increased with increasing nitrogen as nitrate and ammonia up to 100% as compared to organic N. Mean lateral root length was significantly affected by the sufficiency of nitrogen, while does not fluctuate with various forms of nitrogen. Sum of lateral root length was higher in nitrogen sufficiency. Lateral root density was significantly responding to availability and non-availability of nitrogen and significant reduction was observed in 0% N condition. Total root system size significantly influenced by sources and levels of nitrogen. Moreover, amongst root traits, total root system size was found least phenotypic plastic while lateral root density was ranked as highest phenotypic plastic trait due to nitrogen. The results indicate that combined nitrogen nutrition through nitrate and ammonia is most suitable for root system and seedling growth of rice as compared to the sole sources. The results of these study support the view that we need to breed varieties suited for organic agriculture and varieties such as IR-28, which is select and breed for high nitrogen input intensive agriculture, may not be efficient for organic nitrogen uptake and/or assimilation.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate and ammonia significantly reduced seminal root length, whereas organic N increased it.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- IR-28e1
- Treatment
- nitrogen in nitrate and ammoniae0
- Outcome
- seminal root lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- increased with organic Ne0
- Comparator
- organic Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“seminal root length was significantly reduced due to the availability of nitrogen in nitrate and ammonia while increased with organic N”
e1“IR-28 root system architecture”
Claim · model-written summary
Main root angle increased significantly with increasing N concentration.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- increasing N concentratione0
- Outcome
- Main root anglee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Main root angle was significantly increased with increasing N concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
The main root became steeper under N deficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- deficiency of Ne0
- Outcome
- Main root anglee1
- Direction
- more steepere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“it became more steeper under the deficiency of N”
e1“Main root angle”
Claim · model-written summary
Main root straightness was unaffected by N availability.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- availability of Ne0
- Outcome
- Straightness of main roote0
- Direction
- does not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Straightness of main root does not affected by the availability of N”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen source significantly affected main root straightness, which was highest under organic N and lowest under ammonium.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organic Ne0
- Outcome
- straightnesse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- ammoniume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“the sources of nitrogen had significant effect and maximum straightness observed in organic N treated plant while minimum in ammonium treated”
Claim · model-written summary
Lateral root number increased with nitrate and ammonia up to 100% relative to organic N.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nitrate and ammoniae0
- Outcome
- Lateral root numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Comparator
- organic Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Lateral root number was increased with increasing nitrogen as nitrate and ammonia up to 100% as compared to organic N”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen sufficiency significantly affected mean lateral root length.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- sufficiency of nitrogene0
- Outcome
- Mean lateral root lengthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Mean lateral root length was significantly affected by the sufficiency of nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean lateral root length did not fluctuate among nitrogen forms.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- various forms of nitrogene0
- Outcome
- Mean lateral root lengthe1
- Direction
- does not fluctuatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“does not fluctuate with various forms of nitrogen”
e1“Mean lateral root length”
Claim · model-written summary
Summed lateral root length was higher with nitrogen sufficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nitrogen sufficiencye0
- Outcome
- Sum of lateral root lengthe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Sum of lateral root length was higher in nitrogen sufficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Lateral root density was significantly reduced at 0% N.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 0% Ne0
- Outcome
- Lateral root densitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- availability of nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Lateral root density was significantly responding to availability and non-availability of nitrogen and significant reduction was observed in 0% N condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen sources and levels significantly influenced total root system size.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- sources and levels of nitrogene0
- Outcome
- Total root system sizee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Total root system size significantly influenced by sources and levels of nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Total root system size was the least phenotypically plastic root trait under nitrogen variation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- total root system sizee0
- Direction
- leaste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“total root system size was found least phenotypic plastic”
Claim · model-written summary
Lateral root density was the most phenotypically plastic root trait under nitrogen variation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- lateral root densitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“lateral root density was ranked as highest phenotypic plastic trait due to nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined nitrate and ammonia nutrition was judged most suitable for rice root system and seedling growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combined nitrogen nutrition through nitrate and ammoniae0
- Outcome
- root system and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- most suitablee0
- Comparator
- sole sourcese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“combined nitrogen nutrition through nitrate and ammonia is most suitable for root system and seedling growth of rice as compared to the sole sources”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend breeding varieties suited to organic agriculture.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- breed varieties suited for organic agriculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“we need to breed varieties suited for organic agriculture”
Claim · model-written summary
IR-28 may be inefficient for organic nitrogen uptake or assimilation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR-28e0
- Outcome
- organic nitrogen uptake and/or assimilatione0
- Qualifier
- may not be efficiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“varieties such as IR-28, which is select and breed for high nitrogen input intensive agriculture, may not be efficient for organic nitrogen uptake and/or assimilation”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
401 papers in the same direction as this paper · 101 in the opposite direction · 8 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
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