Abstract
There has been rapid increase globally in the production of functionally divergent nanoparticles in recent times. The uncontrolled discharge of such nanomaterials is a serious threat to the environment. We assess the impact of various-sized metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) on cell cycle progression and induction of oxidative stress in onions. Of these, CuO-NPs and TiO2-NPs significantly reduced the mitotic index (MI) by 28% and 17%, respectively, whereas Al2O3-NPs augmented the MI by 13% compared to untreated onion roots. The NPs internalization into the root tissues followed a dose dependent fashion. Also, several types of chromosomal aberration such as bridges, stickiness, vagrant, broken, and lag chromosomes were noticed. The reactive oxygen species activity of roots growing under CuO-NPs, Al2O3-NPs, and TiO2-NPs was significantly increased by 58, 30, and 10%, respectively. The superoxide dismutases activity (U g-1 FW) of roots increased from 2.4 ± 0.4 (control) to 6.1 ± 0.8 (CuO-NPs), 4.1 ± 0.2 (Al2O3-NPs) and 2.9 ± 0.2 (TiO2-NPs), whereas, catalase activity (mmoles min-1 g-1 FW) was recorded as 18.5 ± 2.1 (CuO-NPs), 15 ± 1.1 (Al2O3-NPs) and 13.8 ± 1 (TiO2-NPs) against 11.4 ± 1 (control). The formazan formed due to superoxide (O2˙-) reaction with nitroblue tetrazolium showed a dose dependent increase in roots treated with Al2O3-NPs and TiO2-NPs. Interestingly, under CuO-NPs exposure, the absorbance was considerably high at 200 μg ml-1 which dropped at 2000 μg ml-1 suggesting a clear attenuation of O2˙- by superoxide scavenging enzymes. The present findings provide base line data for better understanding of the mechanistic basis of phytotoxicity of MONPs to onion plants which can further be extended to other vegetable crops.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
CuO-NPs reduced onion root mitotic index by 28% relative to untreated roots.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- CuO-NPse0
- Outcome
- mitotic index (MI)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- untreated onion rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CuO-NPs and TiO2-NPs significantly reduced the mitotic index (MI) by 28% and 17%, respectively, whereas Al2O3-NPs augmented the MI by 13% compared to untreated onion roots”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2-NPs reduced onion root mitotic index by 17% relative to untreated roots.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- TiO2-NPse0
- Outcome
- mitotic index (MI)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Comparator
- untreated onion rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CuO-NPs and TiO2-NPs significantly reduced the mitotic index (MI) by 28% and 17%, respectively, whereas Al2O3-NPs augmented the MI by 13% compared to untreated onion roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Al2O3-NPs increased onion root mitotic index by 13% relative to untreated roots.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Al2O3-NPse0
- Outcome
- MIe0
- Direction
- augmentede0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Comparator
- untreated onion rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al2O3-NPs augmented the MI by 13% compared to untreated onion roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle internalization in onion root tissue was dose dependent.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- root tissuese0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Outcome
- NPs internalizatione0
- Direction
- dose dependente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NPs internalization into the root tissues followed a dose dependent fashion.”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated onion roots exhibited bridges, stickiness, vagrant, broken and lag chromosomes.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- chromosomal aberration such as bridges, stickiness, vagrant, broken, and lag chromosomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“several types of chromosomal aberration such as bridges, stickiness, vagrant, broken, and lag chromosomes were noticed”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
CuO-NPs increased onion root reactive oxygen species activity by 58%.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- CuO-NPse0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 58e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reactive oxygen species activity of roots growing under CuO-NPs, Al2O3-NPs, and TiO2-NPs was significantly increased by 58, 30, and 10%, respectively.”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
Al2O3-NPs increased onion root reactive oxygen species activity by 30%.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Al2O3-NPse0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reactive oxygen species activity of roots growing under CuO-NPs, Al2O3-NPs, and TiO2-NPs was significantly increased by 58, 30, and 10%, respectively.”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2-NPs increased onion root reactive oxygen species activity by 10%.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- TiO2-NPse0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reactive oxygen species activity of roots growing under CuO-NPs, Al2O3-NPs, and TiO2-NPs was significantly increased by 58, 30, and 10%, respectively.”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
CuO-NPs raised root superoxide dismutase activity from 2.4 ± 0.4 to 6.1 ± 0.8 U g-1 FW.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- CuO-NPse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutases activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.1 ± 0.8e0
- Qualifier
- 2.4 ± 0.4e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The superoxide dismutases activity (U g-1 FW) of roots increased from 2.4 ± 0.4 (control) to 6.1 ± 0.8 (CuO-NPs), 4.1 ± 0.2 (Al2O3-NPs) and 2.9 ± 0.2 (TiO2-NPs)”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
Al2O3-NPs raised root superoxide dismutase activity to 4.1 ± 0.2 U g-1 FW.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Al2O3-NPse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutases activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.1 ± 0.2e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The superoxide dismutases activity (U g-1 FW) of roots increased from 2.4 ± 0.4 (control) to 6.1 ± 0.8 (CuO-NPs), 4.1 ± 0.2 (Al2O3-NPs) and 2.9 ± 0.2 (TiO2-NPs)”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2-NPs raised root superoxide dismutase activity to 2.9 ± 0.2 U g-1 FW.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- TiO2-NPse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutases activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.9 ± 0.2e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The superoxide dismutases activity (U g-1 FW) of roots increased from 2.4 ± 0.4 (control) to 6.1 ± 0.8 (CuO-NPs), 4.1 ± 0.2 (Al2O3-NPs) and 2.9 ± 0.2 (TiO2-NPs)”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
CuO-NPs raised root catalase activity to 18.5 ± 2.1 versus 11.4 ± 1 in controls.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- CuO-NPse0
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Value
- 18.5 ± 2.1e0
- Qualifier
- 11.4 ± 1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity (mmoles min-1 g-1 FW) was recorded as 18.5 ± 2.1 (CuO-NPs), 15 ± 1.1 (Al2O3-NPs) and 13.8 ± 1 (TiO2-NPs) against 11.4 ± 1 (control)”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
Al2O3-NPs raised root catalase activity to 15 ± 1.1 versus 11.4 ± 1 in controls.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Al2O3-NPse0
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Value
- 15 ± 1.1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity (mmoles min-1 g-1 FW) was recorded as 18.5 ± 2.1 (CuO-NPs), 15 ± 1.1 (Al2O3-NPs) and 13.8 ± 1 (TiO2-NPs) against 11.4 ± 1 (control)”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2-NPs raised root catalase activity to 13.8 ± 1 versus 11.4 ± 1 in controls.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- TiO2-NPse0
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Value
- 13.8 ± 1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity (mmoles min-1 g-1 FW) was recorded as 18.5 ± 2.1 (CuO-NPs), 15 ± 1.1 (Al2O3-NPs) and 13.8 ± 1 (TiO2-NPs) against 11.4 ± 1 (control)”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
Formazan formation rose with dose in roots treated with Al2O3-NPs.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Al2O3-NPse0
- Outcome
- formazane0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The formazan formed due to superoxide (O2˙-) reaction with nitroblue tetrazolium showed a dose dependent increase in roots treated with Al2O3-NPs and TiO2-NPs”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
Formazan formation rose with dose in roots treated with TiO2-NPs.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- TiO2-NPse0
- Outcome
- formazane0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The formazan formed due to superoxide (O2˙-) reaction with nitroblue tetrazolium showed a dose dependent increase in roots treated with Al2O3-NPs and TiO2-NPs”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
Claim · model-written summary
Under CuO-NPs, root absorbance was high at 200 μg ml-1 but fell at 2000 μg ml-1.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- CuO-NPs exposuree0
- Outcome
- absorbancee0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 2000 μg ml-1e0
- Qualifier
- 200 μg ml-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under CuO-NPs exposure, the absorbance was considerably high at 200 μg ml-1 which dropped at 2000 μg ml-1”
t0“onion (Allium cepa) bulb”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.