Abstract
Abstract The cylindrical samples of ‘Beni Shogun’ apples cultivar in a range of deformation velocities from 0.0002 to 1 m s −1 were studied using stress relaxation tests. In the work, experimental courses of the force response were described via the Maxwell model, and the effects of deformation velocity on the Maxwell model parameters as well as the maximum and residual force were determined. The maximum force increased with the increase of the deformation velocity, which proved the response of apple flesh to be of viscoelastic nature. The residual force described the state of the material after the strain and was much higher under the quasi-static than impact loading conditions. The three relaxation times decreased with the increasing deformation velocity. For the shortest relaxation time (order of magnitude 0.1 s) there was a rapid decrease in the velocities under the quasi-static loading conditions and it remained on a steady and low level under the impact loading conditions. A definite limit was observed between the medium relaxation time (order of magnitude 1 s) for the lowest deformation velocity of 0.0002 m s −1 and the other relaxation times obtained at higher deformation velocities. The values of the longest relaxation time (order of magnitude 100 s) were much larger under the quasi-static than the impact loading conditions.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum force rose with deformation velocity.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- deformation velocitye0
- Outcome
- maximum forcee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum force increased with the increase of the deformation velocity, which proved the response of apple flesh to be of viscoelastic nature.”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual force was much higher under quasi-static than impact loading.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- quasi-statice0
- Outcome
- residual forcee0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Comparator
- impact loading conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The residual force described the state of the material after the strain and was much higher under the quasi-static than impact loading conditions.”
t0“apple flesh”
Claim · model-written summary
All three relaxation times decreased as deformation velocity increased.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- deformation velocitye0
- Outcome
- three relaxation timese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three relaxation times decreased with the increasing deformation velocity.”
t0“apple flesh”
Claim · model-written summary
The shortest relaxation time rapidly decreased with velocity under quasi-static loading and remained low and steady under impact loading.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- shortest relaxation timee0
- Direction
- rapid decreasee0
- Value
- 0.1 se0
- Setting
- quasi-static loading conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the shortest relaxation time (order of magnitude 0.1 s) there was a rapid decrease in the velocities under the quasi-static loading conditions and it remained on a steady and low level under the impact loading conditions.”
t0“apple flesh”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium relaxation time at the lowest velocity was distinctly separated from times at higher velocities.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- medium relaxation timee0
- Value
- 1 se0
- Qualifier
- lowest deformation velocity of 0.0002 m s −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A definite limit was observed between the medium relaxation time (order of magnitude 1 s) for the lowest deformation velocity of 0.0002 m s −1 and the other relaxation times obtained at higher deformation velocities.”
t0“apple flesh”
Claim · model-written summary
Longest relaxation times were much larger under quasi-static than impact loading.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- quasi-statice0
- Outcome
- longest relaxation timee0
- Direction
- much largere0
- Value
- 100 se0
- Comparator
- impact loading conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The values of the longest relaxation time (order of magnitude 100 s) were much larger under the quasi-static than the impact loading conditions.”
t0“apple flesh”