Abstract
We examined how the removal of soil biota affects plant-soil feedback (PSF) and defense chemistry of Jacobaea vulgaris, an outbreak plant species in Europe containing the defense compounds pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Macrofauna and mesofauna, as well as fungi and bacteria, were removed size selectively from unplanted soil or soil planted with J. vulgaris exposed or not to above- or belowground insect herbivores. Wet-sieved fractions, using 1000-, 20-, 5- and 0.2-μm mesh sizes, were added to sterilized soil and new plants were grown. Sieving treatments were verified by molecular analysis of the inocula. In the feedback phase, plant biomass was lowest in soils with 1000- and 20-μm inocula, and soils conditioned with plants gave more negative feedback than without plants. Remarkably, part of this negative PSF effect remained present in the 0.2-μm inoculum where no bacteria were present. PA concentration and composition of plants with 1000- or 20-μm inocula differed from those with 5- or 0.2-μm inocula, but only if soils had been conditioned by undamaged plants or plants damaged by aboveground herbivores. These effects correlated with leaf hyperspectral reflectance. We conclude that size-selective removal of soil biota altered PSFs, but that these PSFs were also influenced by herbivory during the conditioning phase.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Plant biomass was lowest with 1000- and 20-μm soil inocula.
- Taxon
- Jacobaea vulgaris
Jacobaea vulgarise1 - Treatment
- 1000- and 20-μm inoculae0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant biomass was lowest in soils with 1000- and 20-μm inocula”
e1“defense chemistry of Jacobaea vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Soils conditioned with plants gave more negative plant-soil feedback than soils without plants.
- Taxon
- Jacobaea vulgarisJacobaea vulgarise1
- Treatment
- soils conditioned with plantse0
- Outcome
- feedbacke0
- Direction
- more negativee0
- Comparator
- without plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soils conditioned with plants gave more negative feedback than without plants”
e1“defense chemistry of Jacobaea vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Some negative plant-soil feedback persisted in the 0.2-μm inoculum without bacteria.
- Taxon
- Jacobaea vulgarisJacobaea vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 0.2-μm inoculume0
- Outcome
- negative PSF effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“part of this negative PSF effect remained present in the 0.2-μm inoculum where no bacteria were present”
e1“defense chemistry of Jacobaea vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentration differed between larger and smaller soil inoculum fractions under specified conditioning.
- Taxon
- Jacobaea vulgarisJacobaea vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 1000- or 20-μm inoculae0
- Outcome
- PA concentratione0
- Direction
- differede0
- Qualifier
- only if soils had been conditioned by undamaged plants or plants damaged by aboveground herbivorese0
- Comparator
- 5- or 0.2-μm inoculae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PA concentration and composition of plants with 1000- or 20-μm inocula differed from those with 5- or 0.2-μm inocula, but only if soils had been conditioned by undamaged plants or plants damaged by aboveground herbivores”
e1“defense chemistry of Jacobaea vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant pyrrolizidine alkaloid composition differed between larger and smaller soil inoculum fractions under specified conditioning.
- Taxon
- Jacobaea vulgarisJacobaea vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 1000- or 20-μm inoculae0
- Outcome
- PA concentration and compositione0
- Direction
- differede0
- Comparator
- 5- or 0.2-μm inoculae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PA concentration and composition of plants with 1000- or 20-μm inocula differed from those with 5- or 0.2-μm inocula, but only if soils had been conditioned by undamaged plants or plants damaged by aboveground herbivores”
e1“defense chemistry of Jacobaea vulgaris”
Claim · model-written summary
These soil fraction effects correlated with leaf hyperspectral reflectance.
- Taxon
- Jacobaea vulgarisJacobaea vulgarise1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- leaf hyperspectral reflectancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These effects correlated with leaf hyperspectral reflectance”
e1“defense chemistry of Jacobaea vulgaris”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · growth · Jacobaea vulgaris (stinking willie)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.