Abstract
Stomata have a critical function in the exchange of gases and water vapor between plants and their environment. Stomatal development is under the rigorous control of many regulators. The last step of development is the terminal division of guard mother cells (GMC) into two guard cells (GC). It is still unclear how the symmetric division of GMCs is regulated. Here, we show that the ethylene precursor aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is required for the symmetric division of GMCs into GCs in Arabidopsis. Exogenous application of the ACC biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) induced the formation of single guard cells (SGCs). Correspondingly, an acs octuple-mutant with extremely low endogenous ACC also developed SGCs, and exogenous ACC dramatically decreased the number of SGCs in this mutant whereas exogenous ethephon (which is gradually converted into ethylene) had no effect. Furthermore, neither blocking of endogenous ethylene synthesis nor disruption of ethylene signaling transduction could induce the production of SGCs. Further investigation indicated that ACC promoted the division of GMCs in fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutants whereas AVG inhibited it. Moreover, ACC positively regulated the expression of CDKB1;1 and CYCA2;3 in the fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutants. The SGC number was not affected by ACC or AVG in cdkb1;11;2 and cyca2;234 mutants. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ACC itself, but not ethylene, positively modulates the symmetric division of GMCs in a manner that is dependent on CDKB1s and CYCA2s.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
ACC is required for symmetric guard mother cell division into guard cells.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Compound
- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)e0
- Outcome
- symmetric division of GMCs into GCse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here, we show that the ethylene precursor aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is required for the symmetric division of GMCs into GCs in Arabidopsis.”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG application induced single guard cells.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG)e0
- Outcome
- single guard cells (SGCs)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of the ACC biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) induced the formation of single guard cells (SGCs).”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
An acs octuple mutant with extremely low ACC developed single guard cells.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- acs octuple-mutante0
- Compound
- endogenous ACCe0
- Outcome
- SGCse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correspondingly, an acs octuple-mutant with extremely low endogenous ACC also developed SGCs, and exogenous ACC dramatically decreased the number of SGCs in this mutant whereas exogenous ethephon (which is gradually converted into ethylene) had no effect.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ACC dramatically reduced single guard cells in the acs octuple mutant.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- acs octuple-mutante0
- Treatment
- exogenous ACCe0
- Outcome
- number of SGCse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correspondingly, an acs octuple-mutant with extremely low endogenous ACC also developed SGCs, and exogenous ACC dramatically decreased the number of SGCs in this mutant whereas exogenous ethephon (which is gradually converted into ethylene) had no effect.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ethephon had no effect on single guard cell number in the acs mutant.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- exogenous ethephone0
- Outcome
- number of SGCse0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correspondingly, an acs octuple-mutant with extremely low endogenous ACC also developed SGCs, and exogenous ACC dramatically decreased the number of SGCs in this mutant whereas exogenous ethephon (which is gradually converted into ethylene) had no effect.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Blocking endogenous ethylene synthesis did not induce single guard cells.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- blocking of endogenous ethylene synthesise0
- Outcome
- production of SGCse0
- Direction
- could inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, neither blocking of endogenous ethylene synthesis nor disruption of ethylene signaling transduction could induce the production of SGCs.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Disrupting ethylene signaling did not induce single guard cells.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- disruption of ethylene signaling transductione0
- Outcome
- production of SGCse0
- Direction
- could inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, neither blocking of endogenous ethylene synthesis nor disruption of ethylene signaling transduction could induce the production of SGCs.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC promoted guard mother cell division in fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutantse0
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Outcome
- division of GMCse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further investigation indicated that ACC promoted the division of GMCs in fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutants whereas AVG inhibited it.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG inhibited guard mother cell division in fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutantse0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- division of GMCse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further investigation indicated that ACC promoted the division of GMCs in fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutants whereas AVG inhibited it.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC positively regulated CDKB1;1 and CYCA2;3 expression in the mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutantse0
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Gene
- CDKB1;1 and CYCA2;3e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- positively regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, ACC positively regulated the expression of CDKB1;1 and CYCA2;3 in the fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutants.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC did not affect single guard cell number in cdkb1;11;2 and cyca2;234 mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- cdkb1;11;2 and cyca2;234 mutantse0
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Outcome
- SGC numbere0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SGC number was not affected by ACC or AVG in cdkb1;11;2 and cyca2;234 mutants.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG did not affect single guard cell number in cdkb1;11;2 and cyca2;234 mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- cdkb1;11;2 and cyca2;234 mutantse0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- SGC numbere0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SGC number was not affected by ACC or AVG in cdkb1;11;2 and cyca2;234 mutants.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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