Abstract
The demand to develop fertilizers with higher sulfur use efficiency has intensified over the last decade, since sulfur deficiency in crops has become more widespread. The aim of this study was to investigate whether fertilizers enriched with 2% elemental sulfur (ES) via a binding material of organic nature improve yield when compared to the corresponding conventional ones. Under the scanning electron microscope, the granules of the ES-containing fertilizer were found to be covered by a layer of crystal-like particles, the width of which was found to be up to 60 μm. Such a layer could not be found on the corresponding conventional fertilizer granules. Several fertilization schemes with or without incorporated ES were tested in various durum wheat varieties, cultivated in commercial fields. The P-Olsen content of each commercial field was found to be correlated with the corresponding relative change in the yields (YF/YFBES) with a strong positive relationship. The content of 8 ppm of available soil phosphorus was a turning point. At higher values the incorporation of ES in the fertilization scheme resulted in higher yield, while at lower values it resulted in lower yield, compared with the conventional one. The experimental field trials that established following a randomized block design, were separated in two groups: One with P-Olsen ranging between 18⁻22 ppm and the other between 12⁻15 ppm, the results of which corroborated the aforementioned finding. The use of ES in all portions of fertilization schemes provided higher relative yields. The coexistence of ES with sulfate in the granule was more efficient in terms of yield, when compared to the granule enriched with ES alone under the same fertilization scheme and agronomic practice. The application of fertilizer mixtures containing the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), ES and ammonium sulfate resulted in even higher relative yields. Yield followed a positive linear relationship with the number of heads per square meter. In this correlation, the P-Olsen content separated the results of the two groups of blocks, where the applied linear trend line in each group presented the same slope.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The ES-containing fertilizer granules were covered by a layer of crystal-like particles up to 60 μm wide.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- ES-containing fertilizere1
- Outcome
- layer of crystal-like particlese1
- Value
- up to 60 μme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield under Mediterranean Conditions”
e1“the granules of the ES-containing fertilizer were found to be covered by a layer of crystal-like particles, the width of which was found to be up to 60 μm”
Claim · model-written summary
The crystal-like layer was not found on the conventional fertilizer granules.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Such a layere1
- Comparator
- corresponding conventional fertilizer granulese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield under Mediterranean Conditions”
e1“Such a layer could not be found on the corresponding conventional fertilizer granules”
Claim · model-written summary
Across commercial fields, P-Olsen content was strongly and positively correlated with the relative change in yield of ES fertilization.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- P-Olsen contente1
- Outcome
- relative change in the yields (YF/YFBES)e1
- Direction
- positivee1
- Setting
- commercial fielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield under Mediterranean Conditions”
e1“The P-Olsen content of each commercial field was found to be correlated with the corresponding relative change in the yields (YF/YFBES) with a strong positive relationship”
Claim · model-written summary
A soil available phosphorus content of 8 ppm was a turning point for the effect of ES.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- available soil phosphoruse1
- Outcome
- turning pointe1
- Value
- 8 ppme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield under Mediterranean Conditions”
e1“The content of 8 ppm of available soil phosphorus was a turning point”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher soil phosphorus values, incorporating ES in the fertilization scheme resulted in higher yield than the conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- incorporation of ES in the fertilization schemee1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- at higher valuese1
- Comparator
- the conventional onee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield under Mediterranean Conditions”
e1“At higher values the incorporation of ES in the fertilization scheme resulted in higher yield, while at lower values it resulted in lower yield, compared with the conventional one”
Claim · model-written summary
At lower soil phosphorus values, incorporating ES in the fertilization scheme resulted in lower yield than the conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- incorporation of ES in the fertilization schemee1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Qualifier
- at lower valuese1
- Comparator
- the conventional onee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield under Mediterranean Conditions”
e1“At higher values the incorporation of ES in the fertilization scheme resulted in higher yield, while at lower values it resulted in lower yield, compared with the conventional one”
Claim · model-written summary
Using ES in all portions of the fertilization schemes provided higher relative yields.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ES in all portions of fertilization schemese1
- Outcome
- relative yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield under Mediterranean Conditions”
e1“The use of ES in all portions of fertilization schemes provided higher relative yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Coexistence of ES with sulfate in the granule was more efficient for yield than the granule enriched with ES alone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- coexistence of ES with sulfate in the granulee1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- more efficiente1
- Comparator
- the granule enriched with ES alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield under Mediterranean Conditions”
e1“The coexistence of ES with sulfate in the granule was more efficient in terms of yield, when compared to the granule enriched with ES alone under the same fertilization scheme and agronomic practice”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer mixtures containing NBPT, ES and ammonium sulfate resulted in even higher relative yields.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer mixtures containing the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), ES and ammonium sulfatee1
- Outcome
- relative yieldse1
- Direction
- even highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield under Mediterranean Conditions”
e1“The application of fertilizer mixtures containing the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), ES and ammonium sulfate resulted in even higher relative yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield had a positive linear relationship with the number of heads per square meter.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- headse1
- Outcome
- Yielde1
- Direction
- positivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield under Mediterranean Conditions”
e1“Yield followed a positive linear relationship with the number of heads per square meter”
Claim · model-written summary
P-Olsen content separated two groups of blocks, and the linear trend lines within each group had the same slope.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- P-Olsen contente1
- Outcome
- slopee1
- Direction
- samee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield under Mediterranean Conditions”
e1“In this correlation, the P-Olsen content separated the results of the two groups of blocks, where the applied linear trend line in each group presented the same slope”
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