Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene are well-known phytohormones that are involved in the maturation of grape berries and other fruits. However, the process of yellow-green skinned grape berry maturation is not well understood due to difficulties in determining grape maturity from changes in skin color. Skin browning during maturation is a major commercial problem in some yellow-green skinned grape cultivars including ‘Shine Muscat’. To resolve this issue, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in grape maturation and skin-browning is needed. We treated ‘Shine Muscat’ grape clusters at the veraison stage (45–50 DAFB) with spray applications of ABA or ethephon. These treatments produced darker colors and increased the trans-resveratrol and flavonol contents of berry skins. The ABA and ethephon treatments significantly increased the severity of skin browning. Changes in the expression of genes involved in polyphenol biosynthesis and oxidation were consistent with increases in polyphenols and the severity of browning in berry skins. The expression of VvACO2 and VvYUC1 genes, which are involved in ethylene and auxin biosynthesis, respectively, were upregulated in berries with brown skins. Although ABA treatment also increased the size of the berries, the effect of ethephon treatment on berry maturation was similar to, or greater than, that of ABA treatment. In berry skins, the expression of VvACO3, which is involved in phytohormone biosynthesis, increased significantly in response to ABA treatment. Overall, the changes in gene expression produced by ABA and ethephon treatments differed. Therefore, different mechanisms may regulate the physiological responses to ABA and ethephon, although both treatments accelerate berry maturation.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
ABA or ethephon sprays at veraison produced darker berry skin colors in Shine Muscat grapes.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Material
- Shine Muscate2
- Treatment
- spray applications of ABA or ethephone3
- Outcome
- colorse4
- Direction
- darkere4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“involved in the maturation of grape berries”
e2“We treated ‘Shine Muscat’ grape clusters at the veraison stage”
e3“spray applications of ABA or ethephon”
e4“These treatments produced darker colors and increased the trans-resveratrol and flavonol contents of berry skins”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA or ethephon sprays increased trans-resveratrol and flavonol contents of berry skins.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Organ / stage
- berry skinse4
- Treatment
- spray applications of ABA or ethephone3
- Outcome
- trans-resveratrol and flavonol contentse4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“involved in the maturation of grape berries”
e3“spray applications of ABA or ethephon”
e4“These treatments produced darker colors and increased the trans-resveratrol and flavonol contents of berry skins”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA and ethephon treatments significantly increased the severity of skin browning.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Treatment
- ABA and ethephon treatmentse5
- Outcome
- severity of skin browninge5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“involved in the maturation of grape berries”
e5“The ABA and ethephon treatments significantly increased the severity of skin browning”
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in expression of polyphenol biosynthesis and oxidation genes were consistent with the severity of browning in berry skins.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Organ / stage
- berry skinse6
- Gene
- genes involved in polyphenol biosynthesis and oxidatione6
- Outcome
- severity of browninge6
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“involved in the maturation of grape berries”
e6“Changes in the expression of genes involved in polyphenol biosynthesis and oxidation were consistent with increases in polyphenols and the severity of browning in berry skins”
Claim · model-written summary
VvACO2 and VvYUC1 were upregulated in berries with brown skins.
Verbatim
e0“involved in the maturation of grape berries”
e7“The expression of VvACO2 and VvYUC1 genes, which are involved in ethylene and auxin biosynthesis, respectively, were upregulated in berries with brown skins”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment increased the size of the berries.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“involved in the maturation of grape berries”
e1“Although ABA treatment also increased the size of the berries”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of ethephon on berry maturation was similar to, or greater than, that of ABA.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Treatment
- ethephon treatmente1
- Outcome
- berry maturatione1
- Qualifier
- similar to, or greater thane1
- Comparator
- ABA treatmente1
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“involved in the maturation of grape berries”
e1“the effect of ethephon treatment on berry maturation was similar to, or greater than, that of ABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Both ABA and ethephon accelerate berry maturation.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“involved in the maturation of grape berries”
e1“Therefore, different mechanisms may regulate the physiological responses to ABA and ethephon, although both treatments accelerate berry maturation”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment increased VvACO3 expression significantly in berry skins.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Organ / stage
- berry skinse1
- Treatment
- ABA treatmente1
- Gene
- VvACO3e1
- Outcome
- expressione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“involved in the maturation of grape berries”
e1“In berry skins, the expression of VvACO3, which is involved in phytohormone biosynthesis, increased significantly in response to ABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The changes in gene expression produced by ABA and ethephon treatments differed.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Treatment
- ABA and ethephon treatmentse1
- Outcome
- changes in gene expressione1
- Qualifier
- differede1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“involved in the maturation of grape berries”
e1“Overall, the changes in gene expression produced by ABA and ethephon treatments differed”
The same questions in other papers
(+)-abscisic acid · disease · VitisResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · disease · VitisResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.