Abstract
Phosphate-(P)-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) are important drivers of P cycling in natural and agro-ecosystems. Their use as plant inoculants to improve P acquisition of crops has been investigated for decades. However, limited reproducibility of the expected effects, particularly under field conditions, remains a major challenge. This study demonstrates that the form of nitrogen fertilization has a significant impact on the performance of various fungal and bacterial PSM inoculants in maize grown on neutral to alkaline soils with limited P availability. Under these conditions, a high soil pH-buffering capacity frequently limits the efficiency of nutrient mobilization, mediated by plant roots and microorganisms via rhizosphere acidification. In a soil pH range between 7.0 and 8.0, nitrate fertilization promoting rhizosphere alkalinisation further aggravates this problem. Accordingly, in greenhouse experiments, six strains of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Streptomyces, and Penicillium with proven P-solubilizing potential, completely failed to promote P acquisition in maize grown on a calcareous Loess sub-soil pH 7.6 with nitrate fertilization and rock phosphate (Rock-P) as a sparingly soluble P source. However, after replacement of nitrate fertilization by ammonium, stabilized with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole-phosphate (DMPP), five out of seven investigated PSM inoculants (comprising 12 fungal and bacterial PSM strains) exerted beneficial effects on plant growth and reached up to 88% of the shoot biomass production of a control supplied with soluble triple-superphosphate (TSP). Stabilized ammonium combined with PSM-inoculants improved P acquisition (Trichoderma harzianum T22, Pseudomonas sp. DMSZ 13134), while other strains particularly stimulated root growth (T. harzianum OMG16, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42), which promoted the acquisition also of other mineral nutrients, such as N, K, and Mn. A similar effect was recorded under field conditions on an alkaline clay-loam soil pH 8.6. The combination of stabilized ammonium with a range of consortium products based on T. harzianum OMG16, B. amyloliquefaciens, micronutrients, and humic acids completely compensated the effect of a TSP fertilization on field establishment, nutrient acquisition, and yield formation in maize, while non-stabilized urea-di-ammonium phosphate fertilization was largely ineffective. These findings suggest that the efficiency of PSM-plant interactions can be influenced by the form of N fertilization, offering promising perspectives for synergistic effects with stabilized ammonium fertilizers.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Six P-solubilizing strains completely failed to promote P acquisition in maize fertilized with nitrate and Rock-P in a calcareous sub-soil
- Treatment
- nitrate fertilizatione0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Streptomyces, and Penicilliume0symbiont
- Outcome
- P acquisitione0
- Direction
- completely failed to promotee0
- Setting
- calcareous Loess sub-soil pH 7.6e0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“six strains of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Streptomyces, and Penicillium with proven P-solubilizing potential, completely failed to promote P acquisition in maize grown on a calcareous Loess sub-soil pH 7.6 with nitrate fertilization and rock phosphate (Rock-P) as a sparingly soluble P source”
Claim · model-written summary
Five of seven PSM inoculants exerted beneficial effects on maize growth after nitrate was replaced by stabilized ammonium
- Treatment
- after replacement of nitrate fertilization by ammoniume1
- Interactor
- PSM inoculantse2symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe2
- Direction
- exerted beneficial effectse2
- Value
- five out of sevene2
- Comparator
- nitrate fertilizatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e1“after replacement of nitrate fertilization by ammonium, stabilized with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole-phosphate (DMPP)”
e2“five out of seven investigated PSM inoculants (comprising 12 fungal and bacterial PSM strains) exerted beneficial effects on plant growth and reached up to 88% of the shoot biomass production of a control supplied with soluble triple-superphosphate (TSP)”
Claim · model-written summary
PSM inoculants reached up to 88% of the shoot biomass of the soluble TSP control in maize
- Treatment
- PSM inoculantse2
- Outcome
- shoot biomass productione2
- Direction
- reached up toe2
- Value
- 88%e2
- Comparator
- a control supplied with soluble triple-superphosphate (TSP)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e2“five out of seven investigated PSM inoculants (comprising 12 fungal and bacterial PSM strains) exerted beneficial effects on plant growth and reached up to 88% of the shoot biomass production of a control supplied with soluble triple-superphosphate (TSP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Other PSM strains stimulated maize root growth, with T. harzianum OMG16 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 named
- Treatment
- other strainse4
- Interactor
- T. harzianum OMG16
Trichoderma harzianume4symbiont - Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42Bacillus velezensis FZB42e4symbiont
- Outcome
- root growthe4
- Direction
- stimulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e4“other strains particularly stimulated root growth (T. harzianum OMG16, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42), which promoted the acquisition also of other mineral nutrients, such as N, K, and Mn”
Claim · model-written summary
The same PSM strains promoted maize acquisition of other mineral nutrients, such as N, K and Mn
- Treatment
- other strainse4
- Interactor
- T. harzianum OMG16Trichoderma harzianume4symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42Bacillus velezensis FZB42e4symbiont
- Outcome
- acquisition also of other mineral nutrientse4
- Direction
- promotede4
- Qualifier
- N, K, and Mne4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e4“other strains particularly stimulated root growth (T. harzianum OMG16, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42), which promoted the acquisition also of other mineral nutrients, such as N, K, and Mn”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of stabilized ammonium with consortium products completely compensated the effect of TSP fertilization on field establishment, nutrient acquisition and yield of maize
- Treatment
- combination of stabilized ammonium with a range of consortium productse5
- Interactor
- T. harzianum OMG16Trichoderma harzianume5symbiont
- Second interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens
.jpg?width=60)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciense5symbiont - Outcome
- field establishment, nutrient acquisition, and yield formatione5
- Direction
- completely compensatede5
- Comparator
- a TSP fertilizatione5
- Setting
- field conditionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e5“The combination of stabilized ammonium with a range of consortium products based on T. harzianum OMG16, B. amyloliquefaciens, micronutrients, and humic acids completely compensated the effect of a TSP fertilization on field establishment, nutrient acquisition, and yield formation in maize”
e7“A similar effect was recorded under field conditions on an alkaline clay-loam soil pH 8.6”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-stabilized urea-di-ammonium phosphate fertilization was largely ineffective for maize field establishment, nutrient acquisition and yield
- Treatment
- non-stabilized urea-di-ammonium phosphate fertilizatione6
- Outcome
- field establishment, nutrient acquisition, and yield formatione5
- Direction
- largely ineffectivee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e5“The combination of stabilized ammonium with a range of consortium products based on T. harzianum OMG16, B. amyloliquefaciens, micronutrients, and humic acids completely compensated the effect of a TSP fertilization on field establishment, nutrient acquisition, and yield formation in maize”
e6“non-stabilized urea-di-ammonium phosphate fertilization was largely ineffective”
Claim · model-written summary
The efficiency of PSM-plant interactions can be influenced by the form of N fertilization
- Treatment
- form of N fertilizatione7
- Outcome
- efficiency of PSM-plant interactionse7
- Direction
- can be influencede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e7“These findings suggest that the efficiency of PSM-plant interactions can be influenced by the form of N fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Stabilized ammonium combined with PSM inoculants improved maize P acquisition, with Trichoderma harzianum T22 and Pseudomonas sp. DMSZ 13134 named
- Treatment
- Stabilized ammonium combined with PSM-inoculantse3
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum T22Trichoderma harzianume3symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. DMSZ 13134e3symbiont
- Outcome
- P acquisitione3
- Direction
- improvede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e3“Stabilized ammonium combined with PSM-inoculants improved P acquisition (Trichoderma harzianum T22, Pseudomonas sp. DMSZ 13134)”
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