Abstract
Irrigation with low water quality can adversely affect soil characteristics, optimal moisture for tillage, and crop productivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. We determined the optimal moisture for tillage processing and the effects of optimal and wet tillage on physical and chemical soil characteristics and wheat productivity after irrigation with different water qualities (waste, saline, and highly saline water). We used the Atterberg limit to determine the suitable moisture content for tillage. Tillage at optimal moisture content improved soil characteristics by reducing soil salinity, sodicity, bulk density, shear strength, compaction, and increasing hydraulic conductivity compared to that of wet tillage. It also enhanced growth and productivity of wheat grown with low quality of water (i.e., fresh and waste water), resulting in higher grain yield and root weight at different growth stages than that of saline and highly saline water. In conclusion, tillage at optimal moisture content alleviates the impact of salinity through improving soil physical and chemical characteristics. Optimum tillage can be applied at 20 and 24 days from the previous irrigation in saline and highly saline soils, respectively. Irrigation with waste water resulted in a higher wheat grain yield than saline and highly saline water.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage at optimal moisture reduced soil salinity, sodicity, bulk density, shear strength, and compaction compared with wet tillage.
- Treatment
- Tillage at optimal moisture contente0
- Outcome
- soil salinity, sodicity, bulk density, shear strength, compactione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- wet tillagee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Tillage at optimal moisture content improved soil characteristics by reducing soil salinity, sodicity, bulk density, shear strength, compaction, and increasing hydraulic conductivity compared to that of wet tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal-moisture tillage increased soil hydraulic conductivity relative to wet tillage.
- Treatment
- Tillage at optimal moisture contente0
- Outcome
- hydraulic conductivitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- wet tillagee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Tillage at optimal moisture content improved soil characteristics by reducing soil salinity, sodicity, bulk density, shear strength, compaction, and increasing hydraulic conductivity compared to that of wet tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal-moisture tillage enhanced wheat growth and productivity under fresh and waste water irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- optimal moisture contente0
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- fresh and waste watere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tillage at optimal moisture content improved soil characteristics by reducing soil salinity, sodicity, bulk density, shear strength, compaction, and increasing hydraulic conductivity compared to that of wet tillage. It also enhanced growth and productivity of wheat grown with low quality of water (i.e., fresh and waste water)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield was higher with fresh and waste water than with saline and highly saline water.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- fresh and waste watere1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- saline and highly saline watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in higher grain yield and root weight at different growth stages than that of saline and highly saline water”
e1“wheat grown with low quality of water (i.e., fresh and waste water)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat root weight was higher with fresh and waste water than with saline and highly saline water at different growth stages.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- fresh and waste watere1
- Outcome
- root weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- at different growth stagese0
- Comparator
- saline and highly saline watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in higher grain yield and root weight at different growth stages than that of saline and highly saline water”
e1“wheat grown with low quality of water (i.e., fresh and waste water)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend optimal tillage 20 days after previous irrigation in saline soils.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Optimum tillage can be applied at 20 and 24 days from the previous irrigation in saline and highly saline soils, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend optimal tillage 24 days after previous irrigation in highly saline soils.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Optimum tillage can be applied at 20 and 24 days from the previous irrigation in saline and highly saline soils, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Waste-water irrigation produced higher wheat grain yield than saline and highly saline water.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Irrigation with waste watere0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- saline and highly saline watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation with waste water resulted in a higher wheat grain yield than saline and highly saline water”
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