Abstract
Water management techniques are improving at the farm level, but they are not enough to deal with the limited availability of water and increased crop yields. Soil microbes play a vital role in nitrogen fixation, improving soil fertility and enhancing plant growth hormones under drought conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the impact of water management combined with Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium pisi on wheat crop productivity and soil properties in dry regions. Three water management techniques were compared, normal irrigation as a control (C), deficit irrigation (DI), and partial root drying irrigation (PRD), together with the interaction of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Experiments were conducted with six treatments in total: T1 = C + No PGPR, T2 = C + PGPR, T3 = DI + No PGPR, T4 = DI + PGPR, T5 = PRD + No PGPR, and T6 = PRD + PGPR. The highest grain yield was achieved in the control irrigation treatment using seeds inoculated with rhizobacteria, followed by control treatment without any inoculation, and the lowest was recorded with deficit irrigation without rhizobacteria inoculated in the seeds. However, PRD irrigation resulted in significantly higher plant growth and grain yield than the DI treatment. PGPR inoculation combined with PRD resulted in a 22% and 20% higher number of grains per spike, a 19% and 21% higher grain yield, and a 25% and 22% higher crop growth rate compared to rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI system in 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. This increase was due to the higher production of growth hormones and higher leaf area index under water-limited conditions. A greater leaf area index leads to a higher chlorophyll content and higher food production for plant growth.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated control irrigation had the highest grain yield, followed by uninoculated control, while uninoculated deficit irrigation had the lowest.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- control irrigation treatment using seeds inoculated with rhizobacteriae0
- Interactor
- rhizobacteriaHyphomicrobialese0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain yield was achieved in the control irrigation treatment using seeds inoculated with rhizobacteria, followed by control treatment without any inoculation, and the lowest was recorded with deficit irrigation without rhizobacteria inoculated in the seeds.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PRD irrigation produced significantly higher plant growth and grain yield than DI.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PRD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- plant growth and grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- DI treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PRD irrigation resulted in significantly higher plant growth and grain yield than the DI treatment”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR with PRD raised number of grains per spike by 22% versus PGPR with DI in 2021-22.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PGPR inoculation combined with PRDe0
- Interactor
- rhizobacteriaHyphomicrobialese0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021-22e0
- Comparator
- rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR inoculation combined with PRD resulted in a 22% and 20% higher number of grains per spike, a 19% and 21% higher grain yield, and a 25% and 22% higher crop growth rate compared to rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI system in 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR with PRD raised number of grains per spike by 20% versus PGPR with DI in 2022-23.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PGPR inoculation combined with PRDe0
- Interactor
- rhizobacteriaHyphomicrobialese0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022-23e0
- Comparator
- rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR inoculation combined with PRD resulted in a 22% and 20% higher number of grains per spike, a 19% and 21% higher grain yield, and a 25% and 22% higher crop growth rate compared to rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI system in 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR with PRD raised grain yield by 19% versus PGPR with DI in 2021-22.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PGPR inoculation combined with PRDe0
- Interactor
- rhizobacteriaHyphomicrobialese0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021-22e0
- Comparator
- rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR inoculation combined with PRD resulted in a 22% and 20% higher number of grains per spike, a 19% and 21% higher grain yield, and a 25% and 22% higher crop growth rate compared to rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI system in 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR with PRD raised grain yield by 21% versus PGPR with DI in 2022-23.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PGPR inoculation combined with PRDe0
- Interactor
- rhizobacteriaHyphomicrobialese0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022-23e0
- Comparator
- rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR inoculation combined with PRD resulted in a 22% and 20% higher number of grains per spike, a 19% and 21% higher grain yield, and a 25% and 22% higher crop growth rate compared to rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI system in 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR with PRD raised crop growth rate by 25% versus PGPR with DI in 2021-22.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PGPR inoculation combined with PRDe0
- Interactor
- rhizobacteriaHyphomicrobialese0symbiont
- Outcome
- crop growth ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Qualifier
- 2021-22e0
- Comparator
- rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR inoculation combined with PRD resulted in a 22% and 20% higher number of grains per spike, a 19% and 21% higher grain yield, and a 25% and 22% higher crop growth rate compared to rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI system in 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR with PRD raised crop growth rate by 22% versus PGPR with DI in 2022-23.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PGPR inoculation combined with PRDe0
- Interactor
- rhizobacteriaHyphomicrobialese0symbiont
- Outcome
- crop growth ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022-23e0
- Comparator
- rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR inoculation combined with PRD resulted in a 22% and 20% higher number of grains per spike, a 19% and 21% higher grain yield, and a 25% and 22% higher crop growth rate compared to rhizobacteria inoculation combined with the DI system in 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase was attributed to higher growth hormone production and leaf area index under limited water.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- growth hormonese0
- Outcome
- higher leaf area indexe0
- Qualifier
- water-limited conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This increase was due to the higher production of growth hormones and higher leaf area index under water-limited conditions.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater leaf area index was said to increase chlorophyll content and food production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- higher chlorophyll content and higher food productione0
- Qualifier
- greater leaf area indexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greater leaf area index leads to a higher chlorophyll content and higher food production for plant growth.”
t0“Wheat”
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