Abstract
Cadmium treatment induces transient peroxisome proliferation in Arabidopsis leaves. To determine whether this process is regulated by pexophagy and to identify the mechanisms involved, we analysed time course-dependent changes in ATG8, an autophagy marker, and the accumulation of peroxisomal marker PEX14a. After 3 hr of Cd exposure, the transcript levels of ATG8h, ATG8c, a, and i were slightly up-regulated and then returned to normal. ATG8 protein levels also increased after 3 hr of Cd treatment, although an opposite pattern was observed in PEX14. Arabidopsis lines expressing GFP-ATG8a and CFP-SKL enabled us to demonstrate the presence of pexophagic processes in leaves. The Cd-dependent induction of pexophagy was demonstrated by the accumulation of peroxisomes in autophagy gene (ATG)-related Arabidopsis knockout mutants atg5 and atg7. We show that ATG8a colocalizes with catalase and NBR1 in the electron-dense peroxisomal core, thus suggesting that NBR1 may be an autophagic receptor for peroxisomes, with catalase being possibly involved in targeting pexophagy. Protein carbonylation and peroxisomal redox state suggest that protein oxidation may trigger pexophagy. Cathepsine B, legumain, and caspase 6 may also be involved in the regulation of pexophagy. Our results suggest that pexophagy could be an important step in rapid cell responses to cadmium.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium transiently induced peroxisome proliferation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cadmium treatmente0
- Outcome
- peroxisome proliferatione0
- Direction
- inducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium treatment induces transient peroxisome proliferation in Arabidopsis leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
ATG8 transcripts rose slightly after three hours and returned to normal.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Cd exposuree0
- Gene
- ATG8h, ATG8c, a, and ie0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 3 hr of Cd exposure, the transcript levels of ATG8h, ATG8c, a, and i were slightly up-regulated and then returned to normal”
t0“Arabidopsis leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
ATG8 protein levels increased after three hours of cadmium.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Cd treatmente0
- Gene
- ATG8e0
- Outcome
- ATG8 protein levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ATG8 protein levels also increased after 3 hr of Cd treatment”
t0“Arabidopsis leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
PEX14 showed an opposite protein pattern to ATG8.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- PEX14e0
- Outcome
- opposite patterne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an opposite pattern was observed in PEX14”
t0“Arabidopsis leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluorescent marker lines demonstrated leaf pexophagy.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- lines expressing GFP-ATG8a and CFP-SKLe0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- presence of pexophagic processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis lines expressing GFP-ATG8a and CFP-SKL enabled us to demonstrate the presence of pexophagic processes in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium induced peroxisome accumulation in atg5 knockout mutants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- atg5e0
- Treatment
- Cd-dependente0
- Outcome
- accumulation of peroxisomese0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cd-dependent induction of pexophagy was demonstrated by the accumulation of peroxisomes in autophagy gene (ATG)-related Arabidopsis knockout mutants atg5 and atg7”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium induced peroxisome accumulation in atg7 knockout mutants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- atg7e0
- Treatment
- Cd-dependente0
- Outcome
- accumulation of peroxisomese0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cd-dependent induction of pexophagy was demonstrated by the accumulation of peroxisomes in autophagy gene (ATG)-related Arabidopsis knockout mutants atg5 and atg7”
Claim · model-written summary
ATG8a colocalized with catalase and NBR1 in the peroxisomal core.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- ATG8ae0
- Outcome
- colocalizes with catalase and NBR1e0
- Qualifier
- electron-dense peroxisomal coree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ATG8a colocalizes with catalase and NBR1 in the electron-dense peroxisomal core”
t0“Arabidopsis leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
NBR1 may act as a peroxisome autophagy receptor.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- NBR1e0
- Outcome
- autophagic receptor for peroxisomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NBR1 may be an autophagic receptor for peroxisomes”
t0“Arabidopsis leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase may help target pexophagy.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- targeting pexophagye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase being possibly involved in targeting pexophagy”
t0“Arabidopsis leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein oxidation may trigger pexophagy.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- pexophagye0
- Qualifier
- protein oxidatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein carbonylation and peroxisomal redox state suggest that protein oxidation may trigger pexophagy”
t0“Arabidopsis leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Cathepsine B, legumain and caspase 6 may regulate pexophagy.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- Cathepsine B, legumain, and caspase 6e0
- Outcome
- regulation of pexophagye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cathepsine B, legumain, and caspase 6 may also be involved in the regulation of pexophagy”
t0“Arabidopsis leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest pexophagy is important to rapid cadmium responses.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- rapid cell responses to cadmiume0
- Qualifier
- pexophagye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pexophagy could be an important step in rapid cell responses to cadmium”
t0“Arabidopsis leaves”