Abstract
The influential fabaceous crop; Phaseolus vulgaris L. is subjected to destructive infection by root rot and rust diseases, causing serious damage to productivity. The possible role of gibberellic acid (GA3), paclobutrazol (PBZ), and abscisic acid (ABA) in improving the structural and biochemical resistance against such kidney bean diseases were studied. Pathogenicity test indicated that all tested root rot pathogenic fungi caused symptoms of damping-off. Pythium ultimum was the most aggressive in pre-emergence damping-off while Fusarium oxysporum gave the highest values of post-emergence damping-off and seedlings mortality. PBZ and ABA showed fungicidal activity against mycelia growth of root rot fungi. The high concentration of PBZ (150 ppm) was the most effective. PBZ and ABA significantly reduced the root rot and rust diseases, but GA3 induced both diseases. Botanically, GA3 (150 ppm) maximized plant height, and (PBZ 100 ppm) maximized branches number. Biochemically, both PBZ and ABA increased chlorophyll content, carotenoids, total phenolics and total soluble carbohydrates except the high level of ABA (15 ppm), which gave opposite results. On the other hand, GA3 decreased chlorophyll content, phenols and total soluble carbohydrates. With regard to enzymes activity GA3, PBZ and ABA induced the activity of peroxidase enzyme while reduced polyphenol oxidase activity. Anatomically, infected roots characterized by complete distraction changes in the epidermis and separation of some cortex tissue area. On the other side, all tested treatments decreased the harmful effects of pathogen fungi on root structure. In this respect, PBZ gave the highly effect. PBZ and ABA increased the thickness of leaflet and mesophyll tissue. So also, observed increase on stem diameter, cortex thickness, number of cortex cell layers and phloem fibers thickness. The application of PBZ at 100 ppm maximized the number of plant pods. GA3 at 100 ppm gave the highest 100-seed weight. Therefore, treatments with either PBZ (100 ppm) or ABA (10 ppm) is recommended for alleviation the harmful effects of root rot and rust diseases in kidney bean.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Root rot fungi caused damping-off in kidney bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Phaseolus vulgarise7 - Outcome
- symptoms of damping-offe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all tested root rot pathogenic fungi caused symptoms of damping-off.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pythium ultimum was most aggressive in pre-emergence damping-off.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Interactor
- Pythium ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0pathogen
- Outcome
- pre-emergence damping-offe0
- Direction
- most aggressivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pythium ultimum was the most aggressive in pre-emergence damping-off”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium oxysporum had the highest post-emergence damping-off and seedling mortality.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- post-emergence damping-off and seedlings mortalitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium oxysporum gave the highest values of post-emergence damping-off and seedlings mortality.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ inhibited root rot fungal mycelial growth, with 150 ppm most effective.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- PBZ (150 ppm)e0
- Interactor
- root rot fungie0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelia growth of root rot fungie0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ and ABA showed fungicidal activity against mycelia growth of root rot fungi. The high concentration of PBZ (150 ppm) was the most effective.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA showed fungicidal activity against root rot fungal mycelia.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- ABAe0
- Interactor
- root rot fungie0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelia growth of root rot fungie0
- Direction
- fungicidal activitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ and ABA showed fungicidal activity against mycelia growth of root rot fungi.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ reduced root rot and rust disease.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- PBZe0
- Outcome
- root rot and rust diseasese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ and ABA significantly reduced the root rot and rust diseases, but GA3 induced both diseases.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA reduced root rot and rust disease.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- ABAe0
- Outcome
- root rot and rust diseasese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ and ABA significantly reduced the root rot and rust diseases, but GA3 induced both diseases.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 induced root rot and rust disease.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- GA3e0
- Outcome
- root rot and rust diseasese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ and ABA significantly reduced the root rot and rust diseases, but GA3 induced both diseases.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 at 150 ppm maximized plant height.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- GA3 (150 ppm)e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 (150 ppm) maximized plant height”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ at 100 ppm maximized branch number.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- PBZ 100 ppme0
- Outcome
- branches numbere0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“(PBZ 100 ppm) maximized branches number.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ increased photosynthetic pigments, phenolics and soluble carbohydrates.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- PBZe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, carotenoids, total phenolics and total soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both PBZ and ABA increased chlorophyll content, carotenoids, total phenolics and total soluble carbohydrates”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased photosynthetic pigments, phenolics and soluble carbohydrates except at 15 ppm.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- ABAe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, carotenoids, total phenolics and total soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except the high level of ABA (15 ppm), which gave opposite resultse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both PBZ and ABA increased chlorophyll content, carotenoids, total phenolics and total soluble carbohydrates except the high level of ABA (15 ppm), which gave opposite results.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 decreased chlorophyll, phenols and soluble carbohydrates.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- GA3e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, phenols and total soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 decreased chlorophyll content, phenols and total soluble carbohydrates.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3, PBZ and ABA raised peroxidase activity and reduced polyphenol oxidase activity.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- GA3, PBZ and ABAe0
- Outcome
- activity of peroxidase enzymee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3, PBZ and ABA induced the activity of peroxidase enzyme while reduced polyphenol oxidase activity.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected roots showed epidermal damage and cortical separation.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- complete distraction changes in the epidermis and separation of some cortex tissue areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infected roots characterized by complete distraction changes in the epidermis and separation of some cortex tissue area.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments reduced fungal injury to root structure, especially PBZ.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- PBZe0
- Outcome
- harmful effects of pathogen fungi on root structuree0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all tested treatments decreased the harmful effects of pathogen fungi on root structure. In this respect, PBZ gave the highly effect.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ and ABA increased leaflet and mesophyll thickness and stem anatomical measures.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- PBZ and ABAe0
- Outcome
- thickness of leaflet and mesophyll tissuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ and ABA increased the thickness of leaflet and mesophyll tissue. So also, observed increase on stem diameter, cortex thickness, number of cortex cell layers and phloem fibers thickness.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
PBZ at 100 ppm maximized pod number.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- PBZ at 100 ppme0
- Outcome
- number of plant podse0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of PBZ at 100 ppm maximized the number of plant pods.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 at 100 ppm gave the highest 100-seed weight.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- GA3 at 100 ppme0
- Outcome
- 100-seed weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 at 100 ppm gave the highest 100-seed weight.”
e7“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend PBZ or ABA to alleviate kidney bean disease damage.
- Taxon
- kidney beanPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- PBZ (100 ppm) or ABA (10 ppm)e0
- Outcome
- alleviation the harmful effects of root rot and rust diseasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments with either PBZ (100 ppm) or ABA (10 ppm) is recommended for alleviation the harmful effects of root rot and rust diseases in kidney bean.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.