Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cowpea green manure and inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizers on yields of winter wheat and soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O). The comparisons included cowpea grown solely as green manure where all biomass was terminated at maturity by tillage, summer fallow treatments with 90 kg N ha −1 as urea (90-N), and no fertilization (control) at planting of winter wheat. Fluxes of N 2 O were measured by closed chamber methods after soil incorporation of cowpea in autumn (October–November) and harvesting of winter wheat in summer (June–August). Growth and yields of winter wheat and N concentrations in grain and straw were also measured. Cowpea produced 9.5 Mg ha −1 shoot biomass with 253 kg N ha −1 at termination. Although soil moisture was favorable for denitrification after soil incorporation of cowpea biomass, low concentrations of soil mineral N restricted emissions of N 2 O from cowpea treatment. However, increased concentrations of soil mineral N and large rainfall-induced emissions were recorded from the cowpea treatment during summer. Growth of winter wheat, yield, and grain N concentrations were lowest in response to cowpea treatment and highest in 90-N treatment. In conclusion, late terminated cowpea may reduce yield of winter wheat and increase emissions of N 2 O outside of wheat growing seasons due to poor synchronization of N mineralization from cowpea biomass with N-demand of winter wheat.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea produced 9.5 Mg ha −1 shoot biomass at termination.
- Taxon
- Cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Value
- 9.5 Mg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea produced 9.5 Mg ha −1 shoot biomass with 253 kg N ha −1 at termination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea shoots contained 253 kg N ha −1 at termination.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Value
- 253 kg N ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea produced 9.5 Mg ha −1 shoot biomass with 253 kg N ha −1 at termination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low soil mineral N restricted postincorporation nitrous oxide emissions under cowpea treatment.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- cowpea treatmente0
- Outcome
- emissions of N 2 Oe0
- Direction
- restrictede0
- Qualifier
- low concentrations of soil mineral Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low concentrations of soil mineral N restricted emissions of N 2 O from cowpea treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil mineral N concentrations increased under cowpea treatment during summer.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- cowpea treatmente0
- Outcome
- concentrations of soil mineral Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- during summere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased concentrations of soil mineral N and large rainfall-induced emissions were recorded from the cowpea treatment during summer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Large rainfall-induced nitrous oxide emissions occurred under cowpea treatment during summer.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- cowpea treatmente0
- Outcome
- rainfall-induced emissionse0
- Direction
- largee0
- Qualifier
- during summere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased concentrations of soil mineral N and large rainfall-induced emissions were recorded from the cowpea treatment during summer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat growth was lowest with cowpea treatment and highest with 90-N.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- cowpea treatmente0
- Outcome
- Growthe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- 90-N treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of winter wheat, yield, and grain N concentrations were lowest in response to cowpea treatment and highest in 90-N treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat yield was lowest with cowpea treatment and highest with 90-N.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cowpea treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- 90-N treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of winter wheat, yield, and grain N concentrations were lowest in response to cowpea treatment and highest in 90-N treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat grain N concentrations were lowest with cowpea treatment and highest with 90-N.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cowpea treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain N concentrationse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- 90-N treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of winter wheat, yield, and grain N concentrations were lowest in response to cowpea treatment and highest in 90-N treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded late terminated cowpea may reduce winter wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- late terminated cowpeae0
- Outcome
- yield of winter wheate0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Qualifier
- poor synchronization of N mineralization from cowpea biomass with N-demand of winter wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late terminated cowpea may reduce yield of winter wheat and increase emissions of N 2 O outside of wheat growing seasons due to poor synchronization of N mineralization from cowpea biomass with N-demand of winter wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded late terminated cowpea may increase nitrous oxide emissions outside wheat seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- late terminated cowpeae0
- Outcome
- emissions of N 2 Oe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- outside of wheat growing seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late terminated cowpea may reduce yield of winter wheat and increase emissions of N 2 O outside of wheat growing seasons due to poor synchronization of N mineralization from cowpea biomass with N-demand of winter wheat.”
The same questions in other papers
Vigna unguiculata · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Vigna unguiculata · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Vigna unguiculata · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.