Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important crops worldwide. The use of plant growth promoting microorganisms such as those of the genus Trichoderma constitutes an alternative to chemical fertilizers, since they are cheaper and not detrimental to the environment. However, the interaction between Trichoderma and wheat plants has been scarcely studied, at least at a molecular level. In the present work, a microarray approach was used to study the early transcriptomic changes induced in wheat roots by Trichoderma harzianum applied alone or in combination with different concentrations of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2], this last used as nitrogen (N) source. Our results show that T. harzianum causes larger transcriptomic changes than Ca(NO3)2 in wheat roots, and such changes are different when plants are challenged with Trichoderma alone or are treated with a combination of T. harzianum and Ca(NO3)2. Overall, T. harzianum activates the expression of defense-related genes at early stages of the interaction with the roots, while this fungus reduces the expression of genes related to plant growth and development. Moreover, the current study in wheat roots subjected to the different T. harzianum and Ca(NO3)2 combinations reveals that the number of transcriptomic changes was higher when compared against those caused by the different Ca(NO3)2 concentrations than when it was compared against those caused by T. harzianum. N metabolism gene expression changes were in agreement with the levels of nitrate reductase activity measured in plants from Trichoderma plus Ca(NO3)2 conditions. Results were also concordant with plant phenotypes, which showed reduced growth at early interaction stages when inoculated with T. harzianum or with its combination with Ca(NO3)2 at the lowest dosage. These results being in a good agreement with the recognized role of Trichoderma as inducer of plant defense.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum caused larger transcriptomic changes in wheat roots than Ca(NO3)2 did.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0symbiont - Outcome
- transcriptomic changese0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- Ca(NO3)2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. harzianum causes larger transcriptomic changes than Ca(NO3)2 in wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum activated expression of defense-related genes in wheat roots at early stages of the interaction.
- Taxon
- Wheat SeedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0symbiont
- Outcome
- expression of defense-related genese0
- Direction
- activatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e0“T. harzianum activates the expression of defense-related genes at early stages of the interaction with the roots”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum reduced expression of genes related to plant growth and development in wheat.
- Taxon
- Wheat SeedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- funguse0
- Interactor
- funguse0symbiont
- Outcome
- expression of genes related to plant growth and developmente0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e0“this fungus reduces the expression of genes related to plant growth and development”
Claim · model-written summary
In wheat roots under the T. harzianum and Ca(NO3)2 combinations, the number of transcriptomic changes was higher when compared against the different Ca(NO3)2 concentrations than against T. harzianum.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- number of transcriptomic changese0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat roots subjected to the different T. harzianum and Ca(NO3)2 combinations reveals that the number of transcriptomic changes was higher when compared against those caused by the different Ca(NO3)2 concentrations than when it was compared against those caused by T. harzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
N metabolism gene expression changes agreed with nitrate reductase activity measured in wheat plants from the Trichoderma plus Ca(NO3)2 conditions.
- Taxon
- Wheat SeedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma plus Ca(NO3)2 conditionse0
- Gene
- nitrate reductasee0
- Outcome
- N metabolism gene expression changese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e0“N metabolism gene expression changes were in agreement with the levels of nitrate reductase activity measured in plants from Trichoderma plus Ca(NO3)2 conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat plants showed reduced growth at early interaction stages when inoculated with T. harzianum or with its combination with Ca(NO3)2 at the lowest dosage.
- Taxon
- Wheat SeedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated with T. harzianum or with its combination with Ca(NO3)2 at the lowest dosagee0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Seedlings”
e0“reduced growth at early interaction stages when inoculated with T. harzianum or with its combination with Ca(NO3)2 at the lowest dosage”
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