Abstract
Salinity is a serious environmental hazard which limits world agricultural production by adversely affecting plant physiology and biochemistry. Hence, increased tolerance against salt stress is very important. In this study, we explored the function of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) in enhancing salt stress tolerance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). After pretreatment with BABA, seedlings were exposed to NaCl (100 and 150 mM) for 2 days. Salt stress increased Na content and decreased K content in shoot and root. It disrupted the antioxidant defense system by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS; H2O2 and O2•−), methylglyoxal (MG) content and causing oxidative stress. It also reduced the growth and photosynthetic pigments of seedlings but increased proline (Pro) content. However, BABA pretreatment in salt-stressed seedlings increased ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents; GSH/GSSG ratio; and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glyoxalase I (Gly I), and glyoxalase II (Gly II) as well as the growth and photosynthetic pigments of plants. In addition, compared to salt stress alone, BABA increased Pro content, reduced the H2O2, MDA and MG contents, and decreased Na content in root and increased K content in shoot and root of rapeseed seedlings. Our findings suggest that BABA plays a double role in rapeseed seedlings by reducing Na uptake and enhancing stress tolerance through upregulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased shoot and root sodium.
- Taxon
- rapeseede1
- Organ / stage
- shoot and roote0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Na contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased Na content and decreased K content in shoot and root”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased shoot and root potassium.
- Taxon
- rapeseede1
- Organ / stage
- shoot and roote0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- K contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased Na content and decreased K content in shoot and root”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal.
- Taxon
- rapeseede1
- Treatment
- Salt stresst1
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS; H2O2 and O2•−), methylglyoxal (MG) contente0
- Direction
- producinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“producing reactive oxygen species (ROS; H2O2 and O2•−), methylglyoxal (MG) content and causing oxidative stress”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced growth and photosynthetic pigments.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“reduced the growth and photosynthetic pigments of seedlings”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased proline content.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“increased proline (Pro) content”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA increased ascorbate and glutathione contents and their ratio under salt stress.
Verbatim
e0“BABA pretreatment in salt-stressed seedlings increased ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents; GSH/GSSG ratio”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA increased antioxidant enzyme activities under salt stress.
- Taxon
- rapeseede1
- Treatment
- BABA pretreatmente2
- Outcome
- activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
e2“BABA pretreatment in salt-stressed seedlings increased”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA increased glyoxalase activities under salt stress.
- Taxon
- rapeseede1
- Treatment
- BABA pretreatmente2
- Outcome
- glyoxalase I (Gly I), and glyoxalase II (Gly II)e0
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“glyoxalase I (Gly I), and glyoxalase II (Gly II) as well as the growth and photosynthetic pigments of plants”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
e2“BABA pretreatment in salt-stressed seedlings increased”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA increased growth and photosynthetic pigments under salt stress.
- Taxon
- rapeseede1
- Treatment
- BABA pretreatmente2
- Outcome
- growth and photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“growth and photosynthetic pigments of plants”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
e2“BABA pretreatment in salt-stressed seedlings increased”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA increased proline compared with salt stress alone.
Verbatim
e0“compared to salt stress alone, BABA increased Pro content”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA reduced hydrogen peroxide, MDA, and methylglyoxal compared with salt stress alone.
Verbatim
e0“BABA increased Pro content, reduced the H2O2, MDA and MG contents”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
e2“compared to salt stress alone, BABA increased Pro content”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA decreased root sodium compared with salt stress alone.
Verbatim
e0“decreased Na content in root”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
e2“compared to salt stress alone, BABA increased Pro content”
Claim · model-written summary
BABA increased potassium in shoot and root compared with salt stress alone.
Verbatim
e0“increased K content in shoot and root of rapeseed seedlings”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
e2“compared to salt stress alone, BABA increased Pro content”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest BABA reduces sodium uptake and improves tolerance via antioxidant and glyoxalase systems.
Verbatim
e0“reducing Na uptake and enhancing stress tolerance through upregulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems”
t0“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
t1“β-Aminobutyric Acid Pretreatment Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Brassica napus L. by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Methylglyoxal Detoxification”
e1“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
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