Abstract
To meet the increasing food demand, conventional agriculture practices emphasizes on quantitative yield and often involves intensification of nitrogen fertilizers. However, owing to the high mobility in the soil, nitrogen leaching imposes serious consequences on environment and subsequently on human health. Although the quantitative yield is predominantly determined by primary metabolism, the secondary metabolism in the plant not only function as response molecules against biotic and abiotic stress but also determines the qualitative composition of the crop. Nitrogen deficiency limits growth more than photosynthesis, leading to accumulation of the carbon based secondary precursors. Nitrogen deficiency or excess is also associated with increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) further driving the biosynthesis of secondary metabolism and utilization of the carbon precursors. Furthermore, the leaves are documented to accumulate a higher proportion of phenolics and exhibit translocation across the plants based on the environmental trigger and developmental stage. Polyphenols constitute one such class of carbon based secondary metabolites biosynthesized throughout the plant’s life and have key role as signaling molecules, free radical scavengers etc. Although, the presence of an aromatic carbon ring structure is the characteristic of phenolics, there exist vast structural diversity based on the addition and modification to the core ring structure and location of one or more hydroxyl groups. These distinctions both within and between the different classes of phenolics further dictates their biological activity and efficiency. However, variation in the quantitative and qualitative metabolic pool of phenolics in the plant could not only be driven by the stress stimuli but also by the extent of the stress. Thus, the present study investigated the content, composition and localization of foliar phenolics from two cultivars of Fragaria ananassa (cv. Camarosa and cv. Albion) exposed to four different nitrogen (N) fertilization treatments (control, 8mM N, 16mM N and 30mM N). Using a non-targeted metabolomics approach, present study not only exhibited a non-linear response in the content between foliar phenolic classes but also emphasizes the compositional variation and preferential localization of the biosynthesized phenolics. The tentatively identified metabolites encompassed different groups of non-anthocyanic phenolics namely, hydrolysable tannins (simple galloyl glucoses, ellagic acid derivatives and ellagitannins), hydroxycinnamate derivatives, flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ols and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. For both the cultivars, the content of different phenolic classes showed the general trend of increase with decrease in N concentration, however, the magnitude of response varied between both the cultivars and the different classes. Primary metabolites viz. sugars, organic acids and the key amino acid glutamine, did not exhibit a significant response to the applied N treatments, across both the cultivars. Total hydrolysable tannin (HTs) decreased by 70% as N concentration increased from 8mM N to 16mM N in cv. Camarosa and no variation across the treatments in cv. Albion. However the total phenylpropanoids decreased (P From the study, we concluded that along with the increase in carbon based secondary compounds under nitrogen deficiency; the variation within the class of phenolics is linked to the biosynthetic origin and physiological role of the phenolic class.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phenolic class contents had a nonlinear response to nitrogen treatment.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassa
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae1 - Organ / stage
- foliare0
- Treatment
- nitrogen (N) fertilization treatmentse1
- Outcome
- content between foliar phenolic classese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“present study not only exhibited a non-linear response in the content between foliar phenolic classes”
e1“two cultivars of Fragaria ananassa (cv. Camarosa and cv. Albion) exposed to four different nitrogen (N) fertilization treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phenolics showed compositional variation and preferential localization.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- compositional variation and preferential localization of the biosynthesized phenolicse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compositional variation and preferential localization of the biosynthesized phenolics”
e1“two cultivars of Fragaria ananassa (cv. Camarosa and cv. Albion)”
Claim · model-written summary
The study tentatively identified hydrolysable tannins, hydroxycinnamate derivatives and flavones.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- hydrolysable tannins (simple galloyl glucoses, ellagic acid derivatives and ellagitannins), hydroxycinnamate derivatives, flavonese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tentatively identified metabolites encompassed different groups of non-anthocyanic phenolics namely, hydrolysable tannins (simple galloyl glucoses, ellagic acid derivatives and ellagitannins), hydroxycinnamate derivatives, flavones”
e1“two cultivars of Fragaria ananassa”
Claim · model-written summary
The study tentatively identified flavonols, flavan-3-ols and oligomeric proanthocyanidins.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- flavonols, flavan-3-ols and oligomeric proanthocyanidinse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flavonols, flavan-3-ols and oligomeric proanthocyanidins”
e1“two cultivars of Fragaria ananassa”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic class contents generally rose as nitrogen concentration fell in both cultivars, with varied response magnitude.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Material
- cv. Camarosa and cv. Albione1
- Outcome
- content of different phenolic classese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- magnitude of response varied between both the cultivars and the different classese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both the cultivars, the content of different phenolic classes showed the general trend of increase with decrease in N concentration, however, the magnitude of response varied between both the cultivars and the different classes.”
e1“two cultivars of Fragaria ananassa (cv. Camarosa and cv. Albion)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugars, organic acids and glutamine showed no significant response to nitrogen treatment in either cultivar.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- applied N treatmentse0
- Outcome
- sugars, organic acids and the key amino acid glutaminee0
- Direction
- did not exhibit a significant responsee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Primary metabolites viz. sugars, organic acids and the key amino acid glutamine, did not exhibit a significant response to the applied N treatments, across both the cultivars.”
e1“two cultivars of Fragaria ananassa (cv. Camarosa and cv. Albion)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total hydrolysable tannins in Camarosa decreased by 70% when nitrogen rose from 8mM to 16mM.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Material
- cv. Camarosae0
- Treatment
- 16mM Ne0
- Outcome
- Total hydrolysable tannine0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Comparator
- 8mM Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total hydrolysable tannin (HTs) decreased by 70% as N concentration increased from 8mM N to 16mM N in cv. Camarosa”
e1“two cultivars of Fragaria ananassa”
Claim · model-written summary
Total hydrolysable tannins did not vary across treatments in Albion.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae2
- Material
- cv. Albione0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Total hydrolysable tannine1
- Direction
- no variatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no variation across the treatments in cv. Albion”
e1“Total hydrolysable tannin (HTs) decreased by 70% as N concentration increased from 8mM N to 16mM N in cv. Camarosa and no variation across the treatments in cv. Albion”
e2“two cultivars of Fragaria ananassa”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors linked variation within phenolic classes to biosynthetic origin and physiological role.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- variation within the class of phenolicse0
- Qualifier
- biosynthetic origin and physiological role of the phenolic classe0
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the variation within the class of phenolics is linked to the biosynthetic origin and physiological role of the phenolic class”
e1“two cultivars of Fragaria ananassa”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · molecular: metabolites · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.