Paper · 2020 · Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University

Effect of spacing and Rhizobium inoculum level on the yield and quality of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Md Sheikh; Swapan Paul; Md Sarkar

18
claims
35
verbatim quotes
2
citations
2
research areas
✓
Open access

Abstract

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from November 2017 to March 2018 to study the effect of spacing and Rhizobium inoculum level on the yield and quality of faba bean. The experiment comprised four spacings viz. 30 cm × 30 cm, 30 cm × 25 cm, 30 cm × 20 cm and 30 cm × 15 cm, and four levels of Rhizobium inoculum viz. 0, 40, 80 and 120 g kg-1 seed. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. It was observed that the highest seed yield (1.23 t ha-1) was recorded at spacing 30 cm × 20 cm which was as good as the yield (1.14 t ha-1) at 30 cm × 15 cm spacing. The highest crude fat (3.16%) and ash (4.79%) were recorded at spacing 30 cm × 20 cm while the highest crude protein (33.62%) and fibre (15.49%) were recorded at 30 cm × 25 cm and 30 cm × 30 cm spacings, respectively. In case of Rhizobium inoculum, the highest seed yield (1.04 t ha-1) and stover yield (1.75 t ha-1) were obtained in Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seed. The highest crude protein (33.54%), crude fat (2.82%) and ash (4.85%) were recorded at Rhizobium inoculum 120 g kg-1 seed while the highest fibre (15.82%) was recorded at Rhizobium inoculum 40 g kg-1 seed. In case of interaction, the highest seed yield (1.46 t ha-1) and stover yield (2.53 t ha-1) were obtained at 30 cm × 20 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seed. The highest protein (35.73%) and ash (5.63%) were found at 30 cm × 25 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seed while the highest crude fat (4.48%) and fibre (18.04%) were recorded at 30 cm × 20 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 120 g kg-1 seed and spacing 30 cm × 30 cm with control treatment of Rhizobium, respectively. Based on these results it can be concluded that spacing 30 cm × 20 cm coupled with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seed appears as the promising combination in respect of seed yield of faba bean. [J Bangladesh Agril Univ 2020; 18(2.000): 245-251]

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The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 18

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 20 cm gave the highest seed yield of 1.23 t ha-1.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
30 cm × 20 cme0
Outcome
seed yielde0
Direction
higheste0
Value
1.23 t ha-1e0
Comparator
30 cm × 15 cm spacinge0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the highest seed yield (1.23 t ha-1) was recorded at spacing 30 cm × 20 cm which was as good as the yield (1.14 t ha-1) at 30 cm × 15 cm spacing.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 534–679 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 20 cm gave the highest crude fat at 3.16%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
30 cm × 20 cme0
Outcome
crude fate0
Direction
higheste0
Value
3.16%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The highest crude fat (3.16%) and ash (4.79%) were recorded at spacing 30 cm × 20 cm”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 680–764 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 20 cm gave the highest ash at 4.79%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
30 cm × 20 cme0
Outcome
ashe0
Direction
higheste0
Value
4.79%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The highest crude fat (3.16%) and ash (4.79%) were recorded at spacing 30 cm × 20 cm”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 680–764 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 25 cm gave the highest crude protein at 33.62%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
30 cm × 25 cme0
Outcome
crude proteine0
Direction
higheste0
Value
33.62%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the highest crude protein (33.62%) and fibre (15.49%) were recorded at 30 cm × 25 cm and 30 cm × 30 cm spacings, respectively.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 771–897 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 30 cm gave the highest fibre at 15.49%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
30 cm × 30 cme0
Outcome
fibree0
Direction
higheste0
Value
15.49%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the highest crude protein (33.62%) and fibre (15.49%) were recorded at 30 cm × 25 cm and 30 cm × 30 cm spacings, respectively.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 771–897 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rhizobium inoculum at 80 g kg-1 seed gave the highest seed yield of 1.04 t ha-1.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
seed yielde0
Direction
higheste0
Value
1.04 t ha-1e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the highest seed yield (1.04 t ha-1) and stover yield (1.75 t ha-1) were obtained in Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seed.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 929–1048 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rhizobium inoculum at 80 g kg-1 seed gave the highest stover yield of 1.75 t ha-1.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
stover yielde0
Direction
higheste0
Value
1.75 t ha-1e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the highest seed yield (1.04 t ha-1) and stover yield (1.75 t ha-1) were obtained in Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seed.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 929–1048 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rhizobium inoculum at 120 g kg-1 seed gave the highest crude protein at 33.54%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
Rhizobium inoculum 120 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
crude proteine0
Direction
higheste0
Value
33.54%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The highest crude protein (33.54%), crude fat (2.82%) and ash (4.85%) were recorded at Rhizobium inoculum 120 g kg-1 seed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1049–1170 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rhizobium inoculum at 120 g kg-1 seed gave the highest crude fat at 2.82%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
Rhizobium inoculum 120 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
crude fate0
Direction
higheste0
Value
2.82%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The highest crude protein (33.54%), crude fat (2.82%) and ash (4.85%) were recorded at Rhizobium inoculum 120 g kg-1 seed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1049–1170 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rhizobium inoculum at 120 g kg-1 seed gave the highest ash at 4.85%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
Rhizobium inoculum 120 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
ashe0
Direction
higheste0
Value
4.85%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The highest crude protein (33.54%), crude fat (2.82%) and ash (4.85%) were recorded at Rhizobium inoculum 120 g kg-1 seed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1049–1170 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rhizobium inoculum at 40 g kg-1 seed gave the highest fibre at 15.82%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
Rhizobium inoculum 40 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
fibree0
Direction
higheste0
Value
15.82%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the highest fibre (15.82%) was recorded at Rhizobium inoculum 40 g kg-1 seed.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1177–1254 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 20 cm with Rhizobium at 80 g kg-1 seed gave the highest seed yield at 1.46 t ha-1.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
30 cm × 20 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
seed yielde0
Direction
higheste0
Value
1.46 t ha-1e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the highest seed yield (1.46 t ha-1) and stover yield (2.53 t ha-1) were obtained at 30 cm × 20 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seed.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1279–1425 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 20 cm with Rhizobium at 80 g kg-1 seed gave the highest stover yield at 2.53 t ha-1.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
30 cm × 20 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
stover yielde0
Direction
higheste0
Value
2.53 t ha-1e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the highest seed yield (1.46 t ha-1) and stover yield (2.53 t ha-1) were obtained at 30 cm × 20 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seed.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1279–1425 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 25 cm with Rhizobium at 80 g kg-1 seed gave the highest protein at 35.73%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
30 cm × 25 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
proteine0
Direction
higheste0
Value
35.73%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The highest protein (35.73%) and ash (5.63%) were found at 30 cm × 25 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1426–1545 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 25 cm with Rhizobium at 80 g kg-1 seed gave the highest ash at 5.63%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
30 cm × 25 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
ashe0
Direction
higheste0
Value
5.63%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The highest protein (35.73%) and ash (5.63%) were found at 30 cm × 25 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1426–1545 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 20 cm with Rhizobium at 120 g kg-1 seed gave the highest crude fat at 4.48%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
30 cm × 20 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 120 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
crude fate0
Direction
higheste0
Value
4.48%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the highest crude fat (4.48%) and fibre (18.04%) were recorded at 30 cm × 20 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 120 g kg-1 seed and spacing 30 cm × 30 cm with control treatment of Rhizobium, respectively.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1552–1756 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 30 cm with control Rhizobium treatment gave the highest fibre at 18.04%.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabat0
Treatment
spacing 30 cm × 30 cm with control treatment of Rhizobiume0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
fibree0
Direction
higheste0
Value
18.04%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the highest crude fat (4.48%) and fibre (18.04%) were recorded at 30 cm × 20 cm spacing with Rhizobium inoculum 120 g kg-1 seed and spacing 30 cm × 30 cm with control treatment of Rhizobium, respectively.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1552–1756 · show in text ↑
t0

“faba bean (Vicia faba L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 75–100 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Spacing 30 cm × 20 cm with Rhizobium at 80 g kg-1 seed was recommended for seed yield.

Taxon
faba beanVicia fabae0
Treatment
spacing 30 cm × 20 cm coupled with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seede0
Interactor
RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome
promising combination in respect of seed yielde0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Vicia faba
Vicia faba · TaxonRahmaziz · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Rhizobium
Rhizobium · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“spacing 30 cm × 20 cm coupled with Rhizobium inoculum 80 g kg-1 seed appears as the promising combination in respect of seed yield of faba bean.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1805–1949 · show in text ↑

Rhizobium · quality: protein · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results differ

3 papers: 2 positive, 1 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. positive
See all 3 papers →

Rhizobium · yield · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results differ

15 papers: 14 positive, 1 negative or no effect

13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. positive
  3. positive

11 papers more in this group

See all 15 papers →

Rhizobium · quality: grain · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results

2 papers: 1 positive, 1 negative or no effect

1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
See all 2 papers →

inoculation · yield · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results differ

98 papers: 88 positive, 10 negative or no effect

87 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction

  1. negative
  2. no effect
  3. no effect

94 papers more in this group

See all 98 papers →

inoculation · quality: grain · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results

2 papers: 1 positive, 1 negative or no effect

1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
See all 2 papers →

density · quality: protein · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results

7 papers: 4 positive, 3 negative or no effect

3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. negative
  3. no effect

3 papers more in this group

See all 7 papers →

inoculation · quality: protein · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results

15 papers: 14 positive, 1 negative or no effect

13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. positive
  3. positive

11 papers more in this group

See all 15 papers →

density · yield · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results

57 papers: 41 positive, 16 negative or no effect

40 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. no effect
  3. no effect

53 papers more in this group

See all 57 papers →

8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.