Abstract
Until recently, many phytoremediation studies were focused solely on a plants ability to reclaim heavy metal (HM) polluted soil through a range of different processes, such as phytoextraction and phytostabilization. However, the interaction between plants and their own rhizosphere microbiome represents a new research frontier for phytoremediation. Our hypothesis is that rhizomicrobiome might play a key role in plant wellness and in the response to external stimuli; therefore, this study aimed to shed light the rhizomicrobiome dynamics after an organic amendment (e.g., compost) and/or HM pollution (e.g., Zn), and its relation with plant reclamation ability. To reach this goal we set up a greenhouse experiment cultivating in pot an elite black poplar clone (N12) selected in the past for its excellent ability to reclaim heavy metals. N12 saplings were grown on a soil amended with compost and/or spiked with high Zn doses. At the end of the experiment, we observed that the compost amendment strongly increased the foliar size but did not affect significantly the Zn accumulation in plant. Furthermore, the rhizomicrobiome communities (bacteria and fungi), investigated through NGS, highlighted how α diversity increased in all treatments compared to the untreated N12 saplings. Soil compost amendment, as well as Zn pollution, strongly modified the bacterial rhizomicrobiome structure. Conversely, the variation of the fungal rhizomicrobiome was only marginally affected by soil Zn addition, and only partially impaired by compost. Nevertheless, substantial alterations of the fungal community were due to both compost and Zn. Together, our experimental results revealed that organic amendment increased the bacterial resistance to external stimuli whilst, in the case of fungi, the amendment made the fungi microbiome more susceptible. Finally, the greater microbiome biodiversity does not imply, in this case, a better plant wellness or phytoremediation ability, although the microbiome plays a role in the external stimuli response supporting plant life.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Compost increased foliar size.
PopulusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Poplar Clone”
e0“the compost amendment strongly increased the foliar size”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost did not significantly change plant Zn accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Poplar Clone”
e0“did not affect significantly the Zn accumulation in plant”
e1“the compost amendment strongly increased the foliar size”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial and fungal rhizomicrobiome alpha diversity increased under all treatments relative to untreated saplings.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Poplar Clone”
e0“rhizomicrobiome communities (bacteria and fungi), investigated through NGS, highlighted how α diversity increased in all treatments compared to the untreated N12 saplings”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost modified bacterial rhizomicrobiome structure.
- Treatment
- Soil compost amendmente0
- Interactor
- bacterial rhizomicrobiomee0symbiont
- Outcome
- bacterial rhizomicrobiome structuree0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Poplar Clone”
e0“Soil compost amendment, as well as Zn pollution, strongly modified the bacterial rhizomicrobiome structure”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn pollution modified bacterial rhizomicrobiome structure.
- Treatment
- Zn pollutione0
- Interactor
- bacterial rhizomicrobiomee0symbiont
- Outcome
- bacterial rhizomicrobiome structuree0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Poplar Clone”
e0“Soil compost amendment, as well as Zn pollution, strongly modified the bacterial rhizomicrobiome structure”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn addition only marginally affected fungal rhizomicrobiome variation.
- Treatment
- soil Zn additione0
- Interactor
- fungal rhizomicrobiomee0symbiont
- Outcome
- variation of the fungal rhizomicrobiomee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Poplar Clone”
e0“variation of the fungal rhizomicrobiome was only marginally affected by soil Zn addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost partially impaired fungal rhizomicrobiome variation.
- Treatment
- composte0
- Interactor
- fungal rhizomicrobiomee0symbiont
- Outcome
- variation of the fungal rhizomicrobiomee0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Poplar Clone”
e0“variation of the fungal rhizomicrobiome was only marginally affected by soil Zn addition, and only partially impaired by compost”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost and Zn caused substantial alterations of the fungal community.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Poplar Clone”
e0“substantial alterations of the fungal community were due to both compost and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic amendment increased bacterial resistance to external stimuli.
- Treatment
- organic amendmente0
- Interactor
- bacteriale0symbiont
- Outcome
- bacterial resistance to external stimulie0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Poplar Clone”
e0“organic amendment increased the bacterial resistance to external stimuli”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic amendment made the fungal microbiome more susceptible.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Poplar Clone”
e0“the amendment made the fungi microbiome more susceptible”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater microbiome biodiversity did not imply better plant wellness or phytoremediation ability.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Poplar Clone”
e0“greater microbiome biodiversity does not imply, in this case, a better plant wellness or phytoremediation ability”
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