Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to improve the resistance of host plant against various heavy metal stresses. However, the Arsenic (As) resistance mechanism of AMF-inoculated woody legumes remains unclear. In this study, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seedlings were cultivated in potted soils inoculated with or without AMF Rhizoglomus intraradices under three different levels of As stress (0, 100 and 200 mg As kg-1 soil) over four months. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of AMF on plant growth, root morphology, content and ratio of endogenous phytohormones and soil glomalin under arsenic (As) stress condition. As stress toxicity suppressed the AM spore germination and colonization, plant growth and the content of soil glomalin, and changed the morphological characteristics of roots and the balance of endogenous hormone level in plants. However, R. intraradices-inoculation improved the shoot and root dry weight, total root length, root surface area, root volume, number of root forks and tips across all As treatments. R. intraradices inoculation obviously decreased the percentage of root length in 0-0.2 mm diameter class, it increased those in 0.5-1.0 mm and >1.0 mm diameter classes, and the percentages in 0.2-0.5 mm diameter class were less affected by R. intraradices inoculation. The concentrations of easily extractable glomalin-related (EE-GRSP) and total glomalin-related soil protein (T-GRSP) were higher in rhizosphere soils of R. intraradices inoculated seedlings than those in rhizosphere soils of non-inoculated seedlings. Furthermore, R. intraradices inoculation increased the concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), but decreased the concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA) and zeatin riboside (ZR). The phytohormone ratios of IAA/ABA, GA/ABA, ZR/ABA, and (IAA+GA+ZR)/IAA in R. intraradices-inoculated seedlings were lower than those in non-inoculated seedlings. These results indicated that R. intraradices alleviated As toxicity in R. pseudoacacia seedlings by improving their plant growth, altering root morphology, regulating the concentration and ratio of phytohormones and increasing the concentration of soil glomalin. The results suggested that AMF-inoculated R. pseudoacacia seedlings would be a critical factor in successful vegetation restoration and soil development in As-contaminated soils.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic stress suppressed mycorrhizal spore germination and colonization.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Robinia pseudoacaciat0 - Treatment
- As stress toxicitye0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AM spore germination and colonizatione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As stress toxicity suppressed the AM spore germination and colonization, plant growth and the content of soil glomalin”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic stress suppressed plant growth.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- As stress toxicitye0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As stress toxicity suppressed the AM spore germination and colonization, plant growth and the content of soil glomalin”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic stress suppressed soil glomalin content.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- As stress toxicitye0
- Outcome
- content of soil glomaline0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As stress toxicity suppressed the AM spore germination and colonization, plant growth and the content of soil glomalin”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic stress changed root morphology and endogenous hormone balance.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- As stresst1
- Outcome
- morphological characteristics of roots and the balance of endogenous hormone levele0
- Direction
- changede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“changed the morphological characteristics of roots and the balance of endogenous hormone level in plants”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
t1“As stress toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
R. intraradices inoculation improved shoot and root dry weight across arsenic treatments.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- R. intraradices-inoculatione0
- Interactor
- R. intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- without AMFt1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. intraradices-inoculation improved the shoot and root dry weight, total root length, root surface area, root volume, number of root forks and tips across all As treatments.”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
t1“without AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
R. intraradices inoculation improved root length, surface area and volume across arsenic treatments.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- R. intraradices-inoculatione0
- Interactor
- R. intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- total root length, root surface area, root volumee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- without AMFt1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. intraradices-inoculation improved the shoot and root dry weight, total root length, root surface area, root volume, number of root forks and tips across all As treatments.”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
t1“without AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
R. intraradices inoculation improved root fork and tip numbers.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- R. intraradices-inoculatione0
- Interactor
- R. intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of root forks and tipse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- without AMFt1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. intraradices-inoculation improved the shoot and root dry weight, total root length, root surface area, root volume, number of root forks and tips across all As treatments.”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
t1“without AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation decreased the percentage of roots in the smallest diameter class.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- R. intraradices inoculatione0
- Interactor
- R. intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- percentage of root length in 0-0.2 mm diameter classe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlingst1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. intraradices inoculation obviously decreased the percentage of root length in 0-0.2 mm diameter class”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
t1“those in rhizosphere soils of non-inoculated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased the percentages of roots in the two largest diameter classes.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- R. intraradices inoculationt1
- Interactor
- R. intraradicest1symbiont
- Outcome
- 0.5-1.0 mm and >1.0 mm diameter classese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased those in 0.5-1.0 mm and >1.0 mm diameter classes”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
t1“R. intraradices inoculation obviously decreased”
e1“those in rhizosphere soils of non-inoculated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The intermediate root diameter class was less affected by inoculation.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- R. intraradices inoculatione0
- Interactor
- R. intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- percentages in 0.2-0.5 mm diameter classe0
- Direction
- less affectede0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlingst1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the percentages in 0.2-0.5 mm diameter class were less affected by R. intraradices inoculation”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
t1“those in rhizosphere soils of non-inoculated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased easily extractable and total glomalin related soil protein concentrations.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- R. intraradices inoculated seedlingse0
- Interactor
- R. intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- concentrations of easily extractable glomalin-related (EE-GRSP) and total glomalin-related soil protein (T-GRSP)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of easily extractable glomalin-related (EE-GRSP) and total glomalin-related soil protein (T-GRSP) were higher in rhizosphere soils of R. intraradices inoculated seedlings than those in rhizosphere soils of non-inoculated seedlings.”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid concentrations.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- R. intraradices inoculatione0
- Interactor
- R. intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlingst1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. intraradices inoculation increased the concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA)”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
t1“those in rhizosphere soils of non-inoculated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation decreased gibberellic acid and zeatin riboside concentrations.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- R. intraradices inoculationt1
- Interactor
- R. intraradicest1symbiont
- Outcome
- concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA) and zeatin riboside (ZR)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but decreased the concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA) and zeatin riboside (ZR)”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
t1“Furthermore, R. intraradices inoculation increased”
e1“those in rhizosphere soils of non-inoculated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Four phytohormone ratios were lower in inoculated seedlings.
- Taxon
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.Robinia pseudoacaciat0
- Treatment
- R. intraradices-inoculated seedlingse0
- Interactor
- R. intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- phytohormone ratios of IAA/ABA, GA/ABA, ZR/ABA, and (IAA+GA+ZR)/IAAe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The phytohormone ratios of IAA/ABA, GA/ABA, ZR/ABA, and (IAA+GA+ZR)/IAA in R. intraradices-inoculated seedlings were lower than those in non-inoculated seedlings.”
t0“Robinia pseudoacacia L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors interpreted inoculation as alleviating arsenic toxicity through growth, root, hormone and glomalin changes.
- Taxon
- R. pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Interactor
- R. intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- As toxicitye0
- Qualifier
- improving their plant growth, altering root morphology, regulating the concentration and ratio of phytohormones and increasing the concentration of soil glomaline0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. intraradices alleviated As toxicity in R. pseudoacacia seedlings by improving their plant growth, altering root morphology, regulating the concentration and ratio of phytohormones and increasing the concentration of soil glomalin.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggested inoculated seedlings could aid vegetation restoration and soil development on arsenic contaminated soils.
- Taxon
- R. pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Treatment
- AMF-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- successful vegetation restoration and soil developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF-inoculated R. pseudoacacia seedlings would be a critical factor in successful vegetation restoration and soil development in As-contaminated soils.”
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