Abstract
Seed treatment with chemical pesticides is commonly used as an initial plant protection procedure against pests and diseases. However, the use of such chemicals may impair the survival and performance of beneficial microorganisms introduced via inoculants, such as the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense . We assessed the compatibility between the most common pesticide used in Brazil for the treatment of maize seeds, composed of two fungicides, and one insecticide, with the commercial strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 of A. brasilense , and evaluated the impacts on initial plant development. The toxicity of the pesticide to A. brasilense was confirmed, with an increase in cell mortality after only 24 hours of exposure in vitro . Seed germination and seedling growth were not affected neither by the A. brasilense nor by the pesticide. However, under greenhouse conditions, the pesticide affected root volume and dry weight and root-hair incidence, but the toxicity was alleviated by the inoculation with A. brasilense for the root volume and root-hair incidence parameters. In maize seeds inoculated with A. brasilense , the pesticide negatively affected the number of branches, root-hair incidence, and root-hair length. Therefore, new inoculant formulations with cell protectors and the development of compatible pesticides should be searched to guarantee the benefits of inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The pesticide increased Azospirillum cell mortality after 24 hours in vitro.
- Treatment
- pesticidee0
- Interactor
- A. brasilense
Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont - Outcome
- cell mortalitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The toxicity of the pesticide to A. brasilense was confirmed, with an increase in cell mortality after only 24 hours of exposure in vitro .”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither Azospirillum nor pesticide affected seed germination and seedling growth.
- Treatment
- A. brasilense nor by the pesticidee0
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- Seed germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination and seedling growth were not affected neither by the A. brasilense nor by the pesticide.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse conditions pesticide affected root volume, dry weight and root hair incidence.
- Treatment
- pesticidee0
- Outcome
- root volume and dry weight and root-hair incidencee0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under greenhouse conditions, the pesticide affected root volume and dry weight and root-hair incidence, but the toxicity was alleviated by the inoculation with A. brasilense for the root volume and root-hair incidence parameters.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum inoculation alleviated pesticide toxicity for root volume and root hair incidence.
- Treatment
- inoculation with A. brasilensee0
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- root volume and root-hair incidence parameterse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the toxicity was alleviated by the inoculation with A. brasilense for the root volume and root-hair incidence parameters.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
In Azospirillum inoculated seeds pesticide reduced branch number, root hair incidence and root hair length.
- Treatment
- pesticidee0
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of branches, root-hair incidence, and root-hair lengthe0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In maize seeds inoculated with A. brasilense , the pesticide negatively affected the number of branches, root-hair incidence, and root-hair length.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend protective inoculant formulations and compatible pesticides.
- Outcome
- new inoculant formulations with cell protectors and the development of compatible pesticidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“new inoculant formulations with cell protectors and the development of compatible pesticides should be searched to guarantee the benefits of inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria.”
t0“Maize”
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