Abstract
This study used a [(13)C]DNA stable isotope probing (SIP) technique to elucidate a direct pathway for the translocation of (13)C-labeled photoassimilate from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) that mediate the mineralization and turnover of soil organic phosphorus (P) in the hyphosphere. Inoculation with PSB alone did not provide any benefit to maize plants but utilized the added phytate-P to their own advantage, while inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis alone significantly promoted shoot biomass and P content compared with the control. However, compared with both sole inoculation treatments, combined inoculation with PSB and R. irregularis in the hyphosphere enhanced organic P mineralization and increased microbial biomass P in the soil. There was no extra benefit to plant P uptake but the hyphal growth of R. irregularis was reduced, suggesting that PSB benefited from the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal mycelium and competed for soil P with the fungus. The combination of T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis with a clone library revealed that one of the bacteria that actively assimilated carbon derived from pulse-labeled maize plants was Pseudomonas alcaligenes (Pseudomonadaceae) that was initially inoculated into the hyphosphere soil. These results provide the first in situ demonstration of the pathway underlying the carbon flux from plants to the AM mycelium-associated PSB, and the PSB assimilated the photosynthates exuded by the fungus and promoted mineralization and turnover of organic P in the soil.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
PSB alone did not benefit maize plants.
- Treatment
- Inoculation with PSBe1
- Interactor
- PSBe1symbiont
- Outcome
- benefit to maize plantse1
- Direction
- did not providee1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria”
e1“Inoculation with PSB alone did not provide any benefit to maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB alone utilized added phytate-P.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria”
e1“Inoculation with PSB alone did not provide any benefit to maize plants but utilized the added phytate-P to their own advantage”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizophagus irregularis alone promoted maize shoot biomass and P content compared with control.
- Treatment
- inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularise1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularise1symbiont - Outcome
- shoot biomass and P contente1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria”
e1“inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis alone significantly promoted shoot biomass and P content compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PSB and R. irregularis enhanced soil organic P mineralization compared with sole inoculations.
- Treatment
- combined inoculation with PSB and R. irregularise1
- Interactor
- PSBe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- R. irregularisRhizophagus irregularise1symbiont
- Outcome
- organic P mineralizatione1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- both sole inoculation treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria”
e1“compared with both sole inoculation treatments, combined inoculation with PSB and R. irregularis in the hyphosphere enhanced organic P mineralization and increased microbial biomass P in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation increased soil microbial biomass P compared with sole inoculations.
- Treatment
- combined inoculation with PSB and R. irregularise1
- Interactor
- PSBe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- R. irregularisRhizophagus irregularise1symbiont
- Outcome
- microbial biomass P in the soile1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- both sole inoculation treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria”
e1“compared with both sole inoculation treatments, combined inoculation with PSB and R. irregularis in the hyphosphere enhanced organic P mineralization and increased microbial biomass P in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation gave no extra plant P uptake benefit.
- Treatment
- combined inoculation with PSB and R. irregularise2
- Interactor
- PSBe2symbiont
- Second interactor
- R. irregularisRhizophagus irregularise1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant P uptakee1
- Direction
- no extra benefite1
- Comparator
- both sole inoculation treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria”
e1“There was no extra benefit to plant P uptake but the hyphal growth of R. irregularis was reduced”
e2“compared with both sole inoculation treatments, combined inoculation with PSB and R. irregularis in the hyphosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation reduced R. irregularis hyphal growth.
- Treatment
- combined inoculation with PSB and R. irregularise2
- Interactor
- R. irregularisRhizophagus irregularise1symbiont
- Second interactor
- PSBe2symbiont
- Outcome
- hyphal growth of R. irregularise1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria”
e1“the hyphal growth of R. irregularis was reduced”
e2“combined inoculation with PSB and R. irregularis in the hyphosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas alcaligenes assimilated carbon derived from labeled maize.
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas alcaligenese1symbiont
- Outcome
- Pseudomonas alcaligenes (Pseudomonadaceae) that was initially inoculated into the hyphosphere soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria”
e1“one of the bacteria that actively assimilated carbon derived from pulse-labeled maize plants was Pseudomonas alcaligenes (Pseudomonadaceae) that was initially inoculated into the hyphosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The study demonstrated carbon flux from maize through AM mycelium to associated PSB.
- Interactor
- PSBe1symbiont
- Outcome
- carbon flux from plants to the AM mycelium-associated PSBe1
- Qualifier
- AM mycelium-associatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria”
e1“first in situ demonstration of the pathway underlying the carbon flux from plants to the AM mycelium-associated PSB”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB assimilated fungal photosynthate exudates.
- Interactor
- PSBe1symbiont
- Outcome
- the PSB assimilated the photosynthates exuded by the funguse1
- Qualifier
- exuded by the funguse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria”
e1“the PSB assimilated the photosynthates exuded by the fungus and promoted mineralization and turnover of organic P in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB promoted soil organic P mineralization and turnover.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from maize plants to extraradical mycelium-associated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria”
e1“the PSB assimilated the photosynthates exuded by the fungus and promoted mineralization and turnover of organic P in the soil”
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See all 65 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.