Abstract
A successful microbial inoculant can increase root colonization and establish a positive interaction with native microorganisms to promote growth and productivity of cereal crops. Zinc (Zn) is an intensively reported deficient nutrient for maize and wheat production in Brazilian Cerrado. It can be sustainably managed by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria and their symbiotic association with other microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation and residual Zn rates on root colonization and grain yield of maize and wheat in succession under the tropical conditions of Brazil. These experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications and arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of five Zn rates (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg ha−1) applied from zinc sulfate in maize and residual on wheat and without and with seed inoculation of A. brasilense. The results indicated that root colonization by AMF and DSE in maize–wheat cropping system were significantly increased with interaction of Zn rates and inoculation treatments. Inoculation with A. brasilense at residual Zn rates of 4 kg ha−1 increased root colonization by AMF under maize cultivation. Similarly, inoculation with A. brasilense at residual Zn rates of 2 and 4 kg ha−1 reduced root colonization by DSE under wheat in succession. The leaf chlorophyll index and leaf Zn concentration were increased with inoculation of the A. brasilense and residual Zn rates. The inoculation did not influence AMF spore production and CO2-C in both crops. The grain yield and yield components of maize–wheat were increased with the inoculation of A. brasilense under residual Zn rates of 3 to 4 kg ha−1 in tropical savannah conditions. Inoculation with A. brasilense under residual Zn rates up to 4 kg ha−1 promoted root colonization by AMF and DSE in the maize cropping season. While the inoculation with A. brasilense under 2 and 4 kg ha−1 residual Zn rates reduced root colonization by AMF and DSE in the wheat cropping season. Therefore, inoculation with A. brasilense in combination with Zn fertilization could consider a sustainable approach to increase the yield and performance of the maize–wheat cropping system in the tropical savannah conditions of Brazil.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Root colonization by AMF and DSE in the maize-wheat cropping system was significantly increased by the interaction of Zn rates and inoculation treatments.
- Taxon
- maize–wheat
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- interaction of Zn rates and inoculation treatmentse0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root colonization by AMF and DSEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root colonization by AMF and DSE in maize–wheat cropping system were significantly increased with interaction of Zn rates and inoculation treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with A. brasilense at residual Zn rates of 4 kg ha-1 increased root colonization by AMF under maize cultivation.
- Treatment
- Inoculation with A. brasilense at residual Zn rates of 4 kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- A. brasilense
Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont - Outcome
- root colonization by AMFe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with A. brasilense at residual Zn rates of 4 kg ha−1 increased root colonization by AMF under maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with A. brasilense at residual Zn rates of 2 and 4 kg ha-1 reduced root colonization by DSE under wheat in succession.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- inoculation with A. brasilense at residual Zn rates of 2 and 4 kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- root colonization by DSEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with A. brasilense at residual Zn rates of 2 and 4 kg ha−1 reduced root colonization by DSE under wheat in succession”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf chlorophyll index and leaf Zn concentration were increased with A. brasilense inoculation and residual Zn rates.
- Taxon
- Wheat-Maizet0
- Treatment
- inoculation of the A. brasilense and residual Zn ratese0
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll index and leaf Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize”
e0“The leaf chlorophyll index and leaf Zn concentration were increased with inoculation of the A. brasilense and residual Zn rates”
Claim · model-written summary
The inoculation did not influence AMF spore production and CO2-C in either crop.
- Taxon
- Wheat-Maizet0
- Treatment
- The inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF spore production and CO2-Ce0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize”
e0“The inoculation did not influence AMF spore production and CO2-C in both crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield and yield components of maize-wheat were increased by A. brasilense inoculation under residual Zn rates of 3 to 4 kg ha-1 in tropical savannah conditions.
- Taxon
- maize–wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- inoculation of A. brasilense under residual Zn rates of 3 to 4 kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yield and yield componentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- tropical savannah conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield and yield components of maize–wheat were increased with the inoculation of A. brasilense under residual Zn rates of 3 to 4 kg ha−1 in tropical savannah conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with A. brasilense under residual Zn rates up to 4 kg ha-1 promoted root colonization by AMF and DSE in the maize cropping season.
- Treatment
- Inoculation with A. brasilense under residual Zn rates up to 4 kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root colonization by AMF and DSEe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with A. brasilense under residual Zn rates up to 4 kg ha−1 promoted root colonization by AMF and DSE in the maize cropping season”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with A. brasilense under 2 and 4 kg ha-1 residual Zn rates reduced root colonization by AMF and DSE in the wheat cropping season.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- inoculation with A. brasilense under 2 and 4 kg ha−1 residual Zn ratese0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root colonization by AMF and DSEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inoculation with A. brasilense under 2 and 4 kg ha−1 residual Zn rates reduced root colonization by AMF and DSE in the wheat cropping season”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with A. brasilense combined with Zn fertilization could be a sustainable approach to increase yield and performance of the maize-wheat cropping system.
- Taxon
- maize–wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- inoculation with A. brasilense in combination with Zn fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- increase the yield and performance of the maize–wheat cropping systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with A. brasilense in combination with Zn fertilization could consider a sustainable approach to increase the yield and performance of the maize–wheat cropping system”
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See all 160 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.