Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the effect of cadmium sulfate and zinc sulfate on the growth and development of common wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) of the Moskvich variety. In order to determine the physiological and biochemical parameters of seedlings and the possibility of regulating their resistance to the stress factor, preplanting treatment of seeds with sodium salicylate (СNa) was carried out. Wheat seeds had been germinating in a solution of 0.1 mM СNa for 3 days at a temperature of 21–23 ºС and under a 16-hour daily illumination of 3000 lux illuminance. On the 4th day, the seedlings were transferred to plastic containers, where they continued to grow in a climatic chamber under periodic irrigation with solutions of CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4 salts with a concentration of 10 -6 -10 -3 M. On the 7th day of the experiment, the length and fresh weight of the root system and shoots of the seedlings were measured, alongside with the lipid peroxidation (LPO) activity and the enzyme activity superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cells of the leaves, as well as the content of proline in the leaves and roots of wheat seedlings. It has been found that for establishing the differences in the effect of cadmium and zinc ions on wheat plants using only biometric indicators is not sufficient. In our studies, the determination of LPO activity and proline content served as an indicator of the development of oxidative stress in the cells of wheat seedlings under the influence of CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4 . At the same salt concentrations, only CdSO 4 contributed to increased LPO activity and the formation of proline, which could be a signal for triggering the protective reactions of the cell. The low SOD activity under these conditions is probably resulting from the fact that it is proline that reduces the formation of reactive oxygen species either by terminating the cascade of free radical reactions or by inhibiting the CdSO 4 enzyme. ZnSO 4 salt is less toxic, since in the same range of concentrations it does not cause an increase in the content of LPO and proline products. The influence of CNa on these parameters depended on the nature of the heavy metal and the strength of its action, and produced both pro- and antioxidant effects, both provoking oxidative stress or protecting against it.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Biometric indicators alone were insufficient to distinguish cadmium and zinc effects.
- Taxon
- wheat plants
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- biometric indicatorse0
- Comparator
- cadmium and zinc ionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for establishing the differences in the effect of cadmium and zinc ions on wheat plants using only biometric indicators is not sufficient”
Claim · model-written summary
LPO activity and proline content indicated oxidative stress under cadmium and zinc salts.
- Taxon
- wheat seedlingsTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4e0
- Outcome
- LPO activity and proline contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the determination of LPO activity and proline content served as an indicator of the development of oxidative stress in the cells of wheat seedlings under the influence of CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4”
Claim · model-written summary
At equal salt concentrations, CdSO 4 increased LPO activity.
- Taxon
- wheat seedlingsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CdSO 4e0
- Outcome
- LPO activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- same salt concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the same salt concentrations, only CdSO 4 contributed to increased LPO activity and the formation of proline”
e1“cells of wheat seedlings under the influence of CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4”
Claim · model-written summary
At equal salt concentrations, CdSO 4 increased proline formation.
- Taxon
- wheat seedlingsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CdSO 4e0
- Outcome
- formation of prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- same salt concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the same salt concentrations, only CdSO 4 contributed to increased LPO activity and the formation of proline”
e1“cells of wheat seedlings under the influence of CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that proline reduces reactive oxygen species, explaining low SOD activity.
- Taxon
- wheat seedlingsTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- prolinee0
- Outcome
- low SOD activitye0
- Qualifier
- reduces the formation of reactive oxygen speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The low SOD activity under these conditions is probably resulting from the fact that it is proline that reduces the formation of reactive oxygen species”
e1“cells of wheat seedlings under the influence of CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnSO 4 did not increase LPO products over the tested concentration range.
- Taxon
- wheat seedlingsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ZnSO 4 salte0
- Outcome
- content of LPOe0
- Direction
- does not cause an increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnSO 4 salt is less toxic, since in the same range of concentrations it does not cause an increase in the content of LPO and proline products”
e1“cells of wheat seedlings under the influence of CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnSO 4 did not increase proline products over the tested concentration range.
- Taxon
- wheat seedlingsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ZnSO 4 salte0
- Outcome
- proline productse0
- Direction
- does not cause an increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnSO 4 salt is less toxic, since in the same range of concentrations it does not cause an increase in the content of LPO and proline products”
e1“cells of wheat seedlings under the influence of CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium salicylate had both prooxidant and antioxidant effects depending on heavy metal and action strength.
- Taxon
- wheat seedlingsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CNae0
- Outcome
- pro- and antioxidant effectse0
- Qualifier
- depended on the nature of the heavy metal and the strength of its actione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The influence of CNa on these parameters depended on the nature of the heavy metal and the strength of its action, and produced both pro- and antioxidant effects”
e1“cells of wheat seedlings under the influence of CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium sulfate · physiology: osmolytes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
zinc sulfate · physiology: oxidative · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
zinc sulfate · physiology: osmolytes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.