Abstract
Seed priming and foliar application are two crop management practices that can increase grain yield and quality. The research aimed to assess the influence of seed priming and foliar application on rainfed wheat. Two field experiments with two seed priming rates (control and priming) and five foliar applications [control, urea (4%), silicon (4 mM), FeSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.6%), and ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.4%)] at the anthesis/Z61 stage were conducted. Seeds were primed for 12 h at 25 ± 2°C, by soaking in an aerating solution [urea (20 g L −1 ) + FeSO 4 .7H 2 O (50 ppm) + ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O (50 ppm) + silicon (20 mg L −1 )]. Seed weight-to-solution volume ratio was 1:5 (kg L −1 ). A pot experiment was also conducted to examine the effect of priming on root growth. Overall, combined seed priming and foliar application induced a positive impact on physiological traits and attributes. Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application. The highest glycine betaine concentration (6.90 mg g −1 DW) and proline (972.8 µg g −1 FW) were recorded with the co-application of seed priming and foliar urea spraying. Foliar application of ZnSO 4 , FeSO 4 , and urea drastically enhanced grain Zn (29.17%), Fe (19.51%), and protein content (increased from 11.14% in control to 12.46% in urea foliar application), respectively. Compared to control, seed priming increased root length, root volume, and dry mass root by 8.95%, 4.31%, and 9.64%, respectively. It is concluded that adequate Zn, Fe, silicon, and N supply through seed priming and foliar applications of these compounds at the terminal stage of rainfed wheat alleviates drought stress and improves GY and biofortification.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with foliar ZnSO 4 produced the reported chlorophyll a.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 1.58e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with foliar ZnSO 4 produced the reported chlorophyll b.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 0.669e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with foliar ZnSO 4 produced the reported total chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 2.24e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with foliar ZnSO 4 produced the reported carotenoid concentrations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- carotenoid concentrationse0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 0.61e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with foliar ZnSO 4 produced the reported membrane stability index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 77.31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with foliar ZnSO 4 produced the reported superoxide dismutase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 0.174e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with foliar ZnSO 4 produced the reported peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 0.375e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with foliar ZnSO 4 produced the reported 1,000-grain weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- 1,000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 35.30 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with foliar ZnSO 4 produced the reported biological yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 8,061e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with foliar ZnSO 4 produced the reported grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 2,456 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with foliar ZnSO 4 produced the reported malondialdehyde concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde concentratione0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 3.91 µg g −1 FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid concentrations (1.58, 0.669, 2.24, and 0.61 mg g −1 FW), membrane stability index (77.31%), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity (0.174 and 0.375 Unit mg −1 protein), 1,000-grain weight (35.30 g), biological yield, grain yield (8,061 and 2,456 kg ha −1 ), and minimum malondialdehyde concentration (3.91 µg g −1 FW) were observed in seed priming combination with ZnSO 4 foliar application.”
t0“rainfed wheat”
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