Abstract
A sustainable solution to reduce chemical inputs in rainfed wheat systems is to replace part of the chemical fertilizers with biofertilizers, combined with foliar application. During 2023–2024, a field experiment was conducted at two sites at research farms in Javanroud and Dehgolan, Iran. Five integrated fertilizer levels [100% chemical fertilizer (CF100), 75% CF + biofertilizers (CF75 + BF), 50% CF + BF (CF50 + BF), 25% CF + BF (CF25 + BF), and 0% CF + BF (CF0 + BF)] with three foliar applications (control, seaweed, and amino acids) were tested. A complementary pot experiment was conducted to assess treatment effects on root growth parameters specifically. Overall, in comparison to other treatments, CF75 + BF and CF100 improved root growth, physiological attributes, and grain yield and quality parameters. In all fertilizer integration strategies, foliar application of seaweed extracts and amino acids improved plant performance indicators. The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels (2.35 mg g ─ 1 FW), membrane stability index (82.69%), relative water content (84.50%), peroxidase activity (0.307 unit mg ─ 1 protein), biological yield (10,183.7 kg ha ─ 1 ), grain yield (3,343.4 kg ha ─ 1 ), and grain Zn content (36.43 g g ─ 1 ), as well as minimum malondialdehyde (1.72 g g ─ 1 FW) and H 2 O 2 (141.4 nmol g ─1 FW). Furthermore, the greatest root length (91.90 cm), root dry mass (4.86 g pot ─ 1 ), grain Fe content (43.34 µg g ─ 1 ), and grain phosphorus content (3.27%) were obtained for CF75 + BF. Based on the results, a 25% reduced chemical fertilizer dose, combined with biofertilizers and foliar seaweed extract application, appears to be the optimal approach.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF improved root growth, physiology, grain yield and quality relative to other treatments.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- CF75 + BFe0
- Outcome
- root growth, physiological attributes, and grain yield and quality parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in comparison to other treatments, CF75 + BF and CF100 improved root growth, physiological attributes, and grain yield and quality parameters.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CF100 improved root growth, physiology, grain yield and quality relative to other treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CF100e0
- Outcome
- root growth, physiological attributes, and grain yield and quality parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in comparison to other treatments, CF75 + BF and CF100 improved root growth, physiological attributes, and grain yield and quality parameters.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Seaweed foliar application improved plant performance indicators across fertilizer strategies.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of seaweed extractse0
- Outcome
- plant performance indicatorse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all fertilizer integration strategies, foliar application of seaweed extracts and amino acids improved plant performance indicators.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid foliar application improved plant performance indicators across fertilizer strategies.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- amino acidse0
- Outcome
- plant performance indicatorse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all fertilizer integration strategies, foliar application of seaweed extracts and amino acids improved plant performance indicators.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF with seaweed produced maximum chlorophyll of 2.35 mg g ─ 1 FW.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll levelse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 2.35 mg g ─ 1 FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels (2.35 mg g ─ 1 FW)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF with seaweed produced maximum membrane stability index of 82.69%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seaweed foliar applicatione1
- Outcome
- membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 82.69%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum chlorophyll levels (2.35 mg g ─ 1 FW), membrane stability index (82.69%), relative water content (84.50%)”
t0“wheat”
e1“The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF with seaweed produced maximum relative water content of 84.50%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seaweed foliar applicatione1
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 84.50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum chlorophyll levels (2.35 mg g ─ 1 FW), membrane stability index (82.69%), relative water content (84.50%)”
t0“wheat”
e1“The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF with seaweed produced maximum peroxidase activity of 0.307 unit mg ─ 1 protein.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seaweed foliar applicatione1
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.307 unit mg ─ 1 proteine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peroxidase activity (0.307 unit mg ─ 1 protein), biological yield (10,183.7 kg ha ─ 1 )”
t0“wheat”
e1“The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF with seaweed produced maximum biological yield of 10,183.7 kg ha ─ 1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seaweed foliar applicatione1
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 10,183.7 kg ha ─ 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biological yield (10,183.7 kg ha ─ 1 ), grain yield (3,343.4 kg ha ─ 1 )”
t0“wheat”
e1“The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF with seaweed produced maximum grain yield of 3,343.4 kg ha ─ 1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seaweed foliar applicatione1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 3,343.4 kg ha ─ 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield (3,343.4 kg ha ─ 1 ), and grain Zn content (36.43 g g ─ 1 )”
t0“wheat”
e1“The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF with seaweed produced maximum grain zinc content of 36.43 g g ─ 1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seaweed foliar applicatione1
- Outcome
- grain Zn contente0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 36.43 g g ─ 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain Zn content (36.43 g g ─ 1 ), as well as minimum malondialdehyde (1.72 g g ─ 1 FW)”
t0“wheat”
e1“The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF with seaweed produced minimum malondialdehyde of 1.72 g g ─ 1 FW.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seaweed foliar applicatione1
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 1.72 g g ─ 1 FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum malondialdehyde (1.72 g g ─ 1 FW) and H 2 O 2 (141.4 nmol g ─1 FW)”
t0“wheat”
e1“The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF with seaweed produced minimum hydrogen peroxide of 141.4 nmol g ─1 FW.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seaweed foliar applicatione1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2e0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 141.4 nmol g ─1 FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum malondialdehyde (1.72 g g ─ 1 FW) and H 2 O 2 (141.4 nmol g ─1 FW)”
t0“wheat”
e1“The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF gave greatest root length of 91.90 cm.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CF75 + BFe1
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 91.90 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greatest root length (91.90 cm), root dry mass (4.86 g pot ─ 1 )”
t0“wheat”
e1“The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF gave greatest root dry mass of 4.86 g pot ─ 1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CF75 + BFe1
- Outcome
- root dry masse0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 4.86 g pot ─ 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greatest root length (91.90 cm), root dry mass (4.86 g pot ─ 1 )”
t0“wheat”
e1“The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF gave greatest grain iron content of 43.34 µg g ─ 1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CF75 + BFe0
- Outcome
- grain Fe contente0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 43.34 µg g ─ 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain Fe content (43.34 µg g ─ 1 ), and grain phosphorus content (3.27%) were obtained for CF75 + BF.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CF75 + BF gave greatest grain phosphorus content of 3.27%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CF75 + BFe0
- Outcome
- grain phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 3.27%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain Fe content (43.34 µg g ─ 1 ), and grain phosphorus content (3.27%) were obtained for CF75 + BF.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend a 25% chemical fertilizer reduction with biofertilizers and foliar seaweed.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- 25% reduced chemical fertilizer dose, combined with biofertilizers and foliar seaweed extract applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 25% reduced chemical fertilizer dose, combined with biofertilizers and foliar seaweed extract application, appears to be the optimal approach.”
t0“wheat”
The same questions in other papers
other · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →application · physiology: oxidative · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
43 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- positive
41 papers more in this group
See all 45 papers →application · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
48 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
47 papers more in this group
See all 51 papers →application · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
51 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- positive
49 papers more in this group
See all 53 papers →other · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
63 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
71 papers more in this group
See all 75 papers →application · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
97 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
102 papers more in this group
See all 106 papers →other · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
205 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
219 papers more in this group
See all 223 papers →application · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
256 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
271 papers more in this group
See all 275 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.