Abstract
Abstract Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth is a problematic, annual broadleaf weed in soybean production fields in Nebraska and many other states in the United States. Soybean resistant to 2,4-D, glyphosate, and glufosinate (Enlist E3 TM ) has been developed and was first grown commercially in 2019. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of herbicide programs applied PRE, PRE followed by (fb) late-POST (LPOST), and early-POST (EPOST) fb LPOST on GR Palmer amaranth control, density, and biomass reduction, soybean injury, and yield. Field experiments were conducted near Carleton, NE, in 2018, and 2019 in a grower’s field infested with GR Palmer amaranth in 2,4-D–, glyphosate-, and glufosinate-resistant soybean. Sulfentrazone + cloransulam-methyl, imazethapyr + saflufenacil + pyroxasulfone, and chlorimuron ethyl + flumioxazin + metribuzin applied PRE provided 84% to 97% control of GR Palmer amaranth compared with the nontreated control 14 d after PRE. Averaged across herbicide programs, PRE fb 2,4-D and/or glufosinate, and sequential application of 2,4-D or glufosinate applied EPOST fb LPOST resulted in 92% and 88% control of GR Palmer amaranth, respectively, compared with 62% control with PRE-only programs 14 d after LPOST. Reductions in Palmer amaranth biomass followed the same trend; however, Palmer amaranth density was reduced 98% in EPOST fb LPOST programs compared with 91% reduction in PRE fb LPOST and 76% reduction in PRE-only programs. PRE fb LPOST and EPOST fb LPOST programs resulted in an average soybean yield of 4,478 and 4,706 kg ha −1 , respectively, compared with 3,043 kg ha −1 in PRE-only programs. Herbicide programs evaluated in this study resulted in no soybean injury. The results of this research illustrate that herbicide programs are available for the management of GR Palmer amaranth in 2,4-D–, glyphosate-, and glufosinate-resistant soybean.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Three PRE herbicide programs controlled GR Palmer amaranth by 84% to 97% versus nontreatment.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Sulfentrazone + cloransulam-methyl, imazethapyr + saflufenacil + pyroxasulfone, and chlorimuron ethyl + flumioxazin + metribuzin applied PREe0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- control of GR Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- providede0
- Value
- 84% to 97%e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Sulfentrazone + cloransulam-methyl, imazethapyr + saflufenacil + pyroxasulfone, and chlorimuron ethyl + flumioxazin + metribuzin applied PRE provided 84% to 97% control of GR Palmer amaranth compared with the nontreated control 14 d after PRE”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE followed by late POST gave 92% control of GR Palmer amaranth versus 62% for PRE only.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- PRE fb 2,4-D and/or glufosinatee0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- control of GR Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 92%e0
- Comparator
- PRE-only programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“PRE fb 2,4-D and/or glufosinate, and sequential application of 2,4-D or glufosinate applied EPOST fb LPOST resulted in 92% and 88% control of GR Palmer amaranth, respectively, compared with 62% control with PRE-only programs 14 d after LPOST”
Claim · model-written summary
EPOST followed by LPOST gave 88% control versus 62% for PRE only.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D or glufosinate applied EPOST fb LPOSTe0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- control of GR Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 88%e0
- Comparator
- PRE-only programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“sequential application of 2,4-D or glufosinate applied EPOST fb LPOST resulted in 92% and 88% control of GR Palmer amaranth, respectively, compared with 62% control with PRE-only programs”
Claim · model-written summary
Palmer amaranth biomass reduction followed the same trend as control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Reductions in Palmer amaranth biomasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Reductions in Palmer amaranth biomass followed the same trend”
Claim · model-written summary
EPOST fb LPOST programs reduced Palmer amaranth density by 98%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- EPOST fb LPOST programse0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 98%e0
- Comparator
- PRE-only programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Palmer amaranth density was reduced 98% in EPOST fb LPOST programs compared with 91% reduction in PRE fb LPOST and 76% reduction in PRE-only programs”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE fb LPOST reduced Palmer amaranth density by 91%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- PRE fb LPOSTe0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 91%e0
- Comparator
- PRE-only programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Palmer amaranth density was reduced 98% in EPOST fb LPOST programs compared with 91% reduction in PRE fb LPOST and 76% reduction in PRE-only programs”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-only programs reduced Palmer amaranth density by 76%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- PRE-only programse0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 76%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Palmer amaranth density was reduced 98% in EPOST fb LPOST programs compared with 91% reduction in PRE fb LPOST and 76% reduction in PRE-only programs”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE fb LPOST yielded 4,478 kg ha −1 soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- PRE fb LPOSTe0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 4,478e0
- Comparator
- PRE-only programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“PRE fb LPOST and EPOST fb LPOST programs resulted in an average soybean yield of 4,478 and 4,706 kg ha −1 , respectively, compared with 3,043 kg ha −1 in PRE-only programs”
Claim · model-written summary
EPOST fb LPOST yielded 4,706 kg ha −1 soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- EPOST fb LPOSTe0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 4,706 kg ha −1e0
- Comparator
- PRE-only programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“PRE fb LPOST and EPOST fb LPOST programs resulted in an average soybean yield of 4,478 and 4,706 kg ha −1 , respectively, compared with 3,043 kg ha −1 in PRE-only programs”
Claim · model-written summary
PRE-only programs yielded 3,043 kg ha −1 soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- PRE-only programse0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Value
- 3,043 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“PRE fb LPOST and EPOST fb LPOST programs resulted in an average soybean yield of 4,478 and 4,706 kg ha −1 , respectively, compared with 3,043 kg ha −1 in PRE-only programs”
Claim · model-written summary
Evaluated herbicide programs caused no soybean injury.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Herbicide programse0
- Outcome
- soybean injurye0
- Direction
- noe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Herbicide programs evaluated in this study resulted in no soybean injury”
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See all 48 papers →chlorimuron-ethyl · control · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
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cloransulam-methyl · control · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.